काल-वार Passive Voice
Passive का सूत्र एक ही है और बारहों काल में वही दोहराया जाता है — केवल be का रूप बदलता है। इसीलिए सारे काल एक ही पेज पर रखे गए हैं: अलग-अलग पढ़ने पर वह दोहराव दिखता ही नहीं, और वही असल में सीखने लायक़ बात है।
Simple Present का Passive
सूत्र: Object + is / am / are + V3 + by + Subject. Be का रूप नए subject के अनुसार चुना जाता है, पुराने के अनुसार नहीं — यह बात ध्यान से पकड़िए। ‘He writes letters’ में नया subject ‘letters’ बहुवचन है, इसलिए are आएगा, जबकि ‘He writes a letter’ में ‘a letter’ एकवचन है, इसलिए is। यही चूक परीक्षा में सबसे ज़्यादा होती है।
Simple Present — Active से Passive
- He writes a letter.A letter is written by him.
- She teaches English.English is taught by her.
- The farmers grow wheat.Wheat is grown by the farmers.
- I respect my teachers.My teachers are respected by me.
- The gardener waters the plants.The plants are watered by the gardener.
- They sell milk in the market.Milk is sold in the market by them.
- He drives the tractor.The tractor is driven by him.
- We keep the records here.The records are kept here by us.
- The potter makes these pots.These pots are made by the potter.
- She sings a folk song.A folk song is sung by her.
Present Continuous का Passive
सूत्र: Object + is / am / are + being + V3 + by + Subject. यहाँ being जोड़ना अनिवार्य है और यही इस काल की पहचान है। being के बिना वाक्य simple present का passive बन जाएगा और अर्थ बदल जाएगा। ध्यान रखिए कि being के बाद भी क्रिया का तीसरा रूप ही आता है।
Present Continuous — Active से Passive
- They are building a bridge.A bridge is being built by them.
- She is cooking the food.The food is being cooked by her.
- The workers are digging a well.A well is being dug by the workers.
- He is reading the notice.The notice is being read by him.
- The boys are cleaning the classroom.The classroom is being cleaned by the boys.
- I am writing the answers.The answers are being written by me.
- The tailor is stitching my shirt.My shirt is being stitched by the tailor.
- They are repairing the road.The road is being repaired by them.
Present Perfect का Passive
सूत्र: Object + has been / have been + V3 + by + Subject. Has या have का चुनाव नए subject से होगा। ‘He has written two letters’ में नया subject ‘two letters’ है, इसलिए have been आएगा, has been नहीं।
Present Perfect — Active से Passive
- He has written the application.The application has been written by him.
- She has finished the work.The work has been finished by her.
- They have sold the land.The land has been sold by them.
- The officer has signed the papers.The papers have been signed by the officer.
- We have paid the fee.The fee has been paid by us.
- I have read those books.Those books have been read by me.
- The committee has accepted the proposal.The proposal has been accepted by the committee.
- He has broken the window.The window has been broken by him.
Simple Past का Passive
सूत्र: Object + was / were + V3 + by + Subject. नया subject एकवचन हो तो was, बहुवचन हो तो were। यहाँ सबसे आम भूल यह है कि छात्र मूल वाक्य की क्रिया V2 को ही रहने देता है — ‘The letter was wrote by him’। शुद्ध रूप में V3 आएगा, यानी ‘was written’.
Simple Past — Active से Passive
- He wrote a letter.A letter was written by him.
- The boy broke the glass.The glass was broken by the boy.
- They built this temple in 1890.This temple was built in 1890.
- She sang two songs.Two songs were sung by her.
- The storm uprooted many trees.Many trees were uprooted by the storm.
- I bought a new cycle.A new cycle was bought by me.
- The teacher explained the rule.The rule was explained by the teacher.
- We caught the thief.The thief was caught by us.
- He drank all the water.All the water was drunk by him.
- The villagers dug a pond.A pond was dug by the villagers.
Past Continuous का Passive
सूत्र: Object + was / were + being + V3 + by + Subject. यह Present Continuous वाले सूत्र का भूतकालीन रूप है; वहाँ is/am/are being था, यहाँ was/were being हो जाता है और बाकी सब वैसा ही रहता है।
Past Continuous — Active से Passive
- They were painting the wall.The wall was being painted by them.
- She was writing a letter.A letter was being written by her.
- The men were loading the truck.The truck was being loaded by the men.
- He was driving the jeep.The jeep was being driven by him.
- The women were drawing water.Water was being drawn by the women.
- I was preparing the list.The list was being prepared by me.
Past Perfect का Passive
सूत्र: Object + had been + V3 + by + Subject. Had हर subject के साथ एक ही रहता है, इसलिए इस काल में एकवचन-बहुवचन की चिंता नहीं करनी पड़ती — यह सबसे सरल passive है।
Past Perfect — Active से Passive
- He had written the letter.The letter had been written by him.
- They had closed the gate.The gate had been closed by them.
- She had cooked the food before we came.The food had been cooked by her before we came.
- The officer had rejected the form.The form had been rejected by the officer.
- We had sold both the fields.Both the fields had been sold by us.
- I had finished the syllabus.The syllabus had been finished by me.
Simple Future और Future Perfect का Passive
Simple Future का सूत्र है: Object + will be + V3 + by + Subject; और Future Perfect का सूत्र है: Object + will have been + V3 + by + Subject. दोनों में will के बाद be का रूप अनिवार्य है। ‘The letter will written by him’ जैसा वाक्य इसी be के छूट जाने से अशुद्ध होता है।
Simple Future और Future Perfect — Active से Passive
- He will write a letter.A letter will be written by him.Simple Future
- They will complete the road.The road will be completed by them.Simple Future
- She will teach the new batch.The new batch will be taught by her.Simple Future
- The board will announce the result.The result will be announced by the board.Simple Future
- We will invite all the guests.All the guests will be invited by us.Simple Future
- He will have written the letter by noon.The letter will have been written by him by noon.Future Perfect
- They will have repaired the wall by Sunday.The wall will have been repaired by them by Sunday.Future Perfect
- She will have paid the fee by then.The fee will have been paid by her by then.Future Perfect
जिन वाक्यों का passive बनता ही नहीं
यह बात नियमों से भी पहले आनी चाहिए थी, पर छात्र प्रायः इसे सबसे बाद में सीखता है — और तब तक कई अंक गँवा चुका होता है। Passive बनाने के लिए वाक्य में कर्म का होना अनिवार्य है, क्योंकि passive में वही कर्म उठकर आगे आता है। जिस क्रिया के साथ कर्म आता ही नहीं, उसका passive बन ही नहीं सकता। ऐसी क्रियाओं को अकर्मक क्रिया कहते हैं — go, come, sleep, die, sit, stand, run, laugh, cry, rise, fall, happen, appear. ‘He sleeps’ का कोई passive नहीं है, क्योंकि यहाँ ऐसा कुछ है ही नहीं जिस पर काम हुआ हो। परीक्षा में यदि ऐसा वाक्य दिया जाए और चार में से एक विकल्प ‘cannot be changed into passive’ हो, तो वही उत्तर होता है।
इसी तरह कुछ सकर्मक क्रियाएँ भी ऐसी हैं जिनका passive बनता तो है पर प्रचलित नहीं है, जैसे have के साथ जब उसका अर्थ ‘रखना’ या ‘होना’ हो। ‘I have a book’ का ‘A book is had by me’ व्याकरण की दृष्टि से भी अटपटा है और भाषा में चलता नहीं। पर जहाँ have का अर्थ ‘करवाना’ या ‘अनुभव करना’ हो, वहाँ passive चल जाता है। इसी कोटि में resemble, lack, suit, fit, become जैसी क्रियाएँ भी आती हैं — ‘She resembles her mother’ का passive नहीं बनता। इन्हें अलग से याद करने की ज़रूरत नहीं; बस यह जाँच कीजिए कि वाक्य में कर्म है या नहीं, और यदि है तो क्या उस पर सचमुच कोई काम हो रहा है।
इन वाक्यों का passive नहीं बनता
- The old man died last night.passive नहीं बनताअकर्मक क्रियाdie के साथ कर्म नहीं आता
- The children are sleeping.passive नहीं बनताअकर्मक क्रिया
- He goes to the temple daily.passive नहीं बनताअकर्मक क्रिया
- The sun rises in the east.passive नहीं बनताअकर्मक क्रिया
- An accident happened near the bus stand.passive नहीं बनताअकर्मक क्रिया
- She resembles her mother.passive प्रचलित नहींस्थितिवाचक क्रिया
- I have two brothers.passive प्रचलित नहींhave का अर्थ ‘होना’
- This shirt suits you.passive प्रचलित नहींस्थितिवाचक क्रिया
इस भाग के अभ्यास प्रश्न
प्रश्न 1
Change into passive voice: They are building a bridge.
- AA bridge is built by them.
- BA bridge is being built by them.
- CA bridge was being built by them.
- DA bridge has been built by them.
व्याख्या
मूल वाक्य Present Continuous में है, इसलिए passive का सूत्र है is/am/are + being + तीसरा रूप। being छूट जाने पर वाक्य Simple Present का passive बन जाता है और अर्थ बदल जाता है।
प्रश्न 2
Change into passive voice: He wrote a letter.
- AA letter is written by him.
- BA letter was wrote by him.
- CA letter was written by him.
- DA letter has been written by him.
व्याख्या
Simple Past का passive was/were + तीसरा रूप से बनता है। ‘a letter’ एकवचन है इसलिए was, और क्रिया का तीसरा रूप written आएगा, wrote नहीं।
प्रश्न 3
Change into passive voice: She has finished the work.
- AThe work is finished by her.
- BThe work has finished by her.
- CThe work had been finished by her.
- DThe work has been finished by her.
व्याख्या
Present Perfect का passive has/have been + तीसरा रूप से बनता है। केवल ‘has finished’ रख देने पर वाक्य passive होता ही नहीं, क्योंकि be का कोई रूप नहीं आया।
प्रश्न 4
Change into active voice: A letter is written by him.
- AHe write a letter.
- BHe writes a letter.
- CHe is writing a letter.
- DHe wrote a letter.
व्याख्या
Passive में ‘is + तीसरा रूप’ Simple Present का चिह्न है, इसलिए active भी Simple Present में जाएगा। Subject ‘He’ के साथ क्रिया में -s लगेगा।
प्रश्न 5
Change into passive voice: They will announce the result.
- AThe result will announced by them.
- BThe result will be announced by them.
- CThe result would be announced by them.
- DThe result is announced by them.
व्याख्या
Simple Future का passive will be + तीसरा रूप से बनता है। will के तुरंत बाद be लगाना यहाँ अनिवार्य है।
प्रश्न 6
Which sentence cannot be changed into the passive voice?
- AHe writes a letter.
- BShe teaches English.
- CThe old man died last night.
- DThey built a school.
व्याख्या
die अकर्मक क्रिया है, यानी उसके साथ कर्म आता ही नहीं। जिस वाक्य में कर्म नहीं होता, उसका passive बन नहीं सकता।
प्रश्न 7
Change into passive voice: The teacher was explaining the rule.
- AThe rule was being explained by the teacher.
- BThe rule was explained by the teacher.
- CThe rule is being explained by the teacher.
- DThe rule had been explained by the teacher.
व्याख्या
Past Continuous का passive was/were + being + तीसरा रूप से बनता है। being हटा देने पर वाक्य Simple Past का passive बन जाएगा।
प्रश्न 8
Change into passive voice: People speak English all over the world.
- AEnglish is spoken all over the world.
- BEnglish is speaking all over the world.
- CEnglish was spoken all over the world.
- DEnglish has been spoken all over the world.
व्याख्या
कर्ता ‘people’ अनिश्चित है, इसलिए by वाला हिस्सा छोड़ा जाता है। शेष वाक्य Simple Present के नियम से is + तीसरा रूप में बनेगा।
प्रश्न 9
Change into passive voice: He had completed the form.
- AThe form was completed by him.
- BThe form has been completed by him.
- CThe form had been completed by him.
- DThe form had completed by him.
व्याख्या
Past Perfect का passive had been + तीसरा रूप से बनता है। had के साथ been लगाना यहाँ अनिवार्य है।
प्रश्न 10
Fill in the blank with the correct passive form: Letters ____ written by him every day.
- Ais
- Bhas
- Cwas
- Dare
व्याख्या
Passive में be का रूप नए subject से मेल खाता है। यहाँ नया subject ‘Letters’ बहुवचन है, इसलिए are आएगा।
प्रश्न 11
Change into passive voice: The potter makes these pots.
- AThese pots is made by the potter.
- BThese pots were made by the potter.
- CThese pots are make by the potter.
- DThese pots are made by the potter.
व्याख्या
नया subject ‘these pots’ बहुवचन है, इसलिए are आएगा, और make का तीसरा रूप made लगेगा।
प्रश्न 12
Change into active voice: The thief was caught by the police.
- AThe police catches the thief.
- BThe police was catching the thief.
- CThe police have caught the thief.
- DThe police caught the thief.
व्याख्या
Passive में ‘was + तीसरा रूप’ Simple Past का चिह्न है, इसलिए active भी Simple Past में जाएगा और क्रिया का दूसरा रूप caught आएगा।
प्रश्न 13
Choose the correct sentence:
- AThe file has signed by the officer.
- BThe file been signed by the officer.
- CThe file is signed being by the officer.
- DThe file has been signed by the officer.
व्याख्या
Passive वाक्य में be का कोई न कोई रूप होना अनिवार्य है। Present Perfect में वह रूप been है, इसलिए ‘has been signed’ ही शुद्ध है।