विशेष वाक्यों का Passive
सामान्य वाक्य का passive बना लेना आसान है। परीक्षा आगे बढ़कर आज्ञावाचक, प्रश्नवाचक, modal और दो कर्म वाले वाक्य पूछती है, जिनमें ढाँचा बदल जाता है। पाँचों स्थितियाँ यहाँ उदाहरण सहित हैं।
आज्ञावाचक वाक्यों का Passive (Imperative Sentences)
आज्ञा, अनुरोध, सलाह या मनाही वाले वाक्यों में कर्ता दिखाई नहीं देता — ‘Open the door’ में यह छिपा हुआ ‘you’ है। ऐसे वाक्यों का passive एक अलग साँचे में बनता है, और वह साँचा है: Let + object + be + V3. इसलिए ‘Open the door’ बनेगा ‘Let the door be opened’. नकारात्मक आज्ञा में ‘Let … not be …’ आता है, जैसे ‘Do not touch the wires’ से ‘Let the wires not be touched’.
दूसरा रूप वह है जहाँ आज्ञा में सलाह या आदेश का भाव प्रबल हो; वहाँ ‘You are advised to …’ या ‘You are ordered to …’ भी चलता है, जैसे ‘Work hard’ से ‘You are advised to work hard’. और यदि वाक्य अनुरोध का हो और उसमें please लगा हो, तो ‘You are requested to …’ आता है — ‘Please close the window’ से ‘You are requested to close the window’. परीक्षा में प्रायः पहला यानी Let वाला रूप ही पूछा जाता है, पर विकल्पों में ये दोनों रूप भी रखे जाते हैं, इसलिए तीनों पहचानिए।
आज्ञावाचक वाक्य — Active से Passive
- Open the door.Let the door be opened.आज्ञा
- Close the windows.Let the windows be closed.आज्ञा
- Write your name here.Let your name be written here.आज्ञा
- Bring the register.Let the register be brought.आज्ञा
- Switch off the fan.Let the fan be switched off.आज्ञा
- Do not break the chair.Let the chair not be broken.नकारात्मक आज्ञा
- Do not waste water.Let water not be wasted.नकारात्मक आज्ञा
- Never tell a lie.Let a lie never be told.नकारात्मक आज्ञा
- Please help the old man.You are requested to help the old man.अनुरोध
- Please send the form today.You are requested to send the form today.अनुरोध
- Work hard for the examination.You are advised to work hard for the examination.सलाह
- Obey your elders.Let your elders be obeyed.आज्ञा
प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों का Passive (Interrogative Sentences)
नियम यह है कि passive बनाने के बाद भी वाक्य प्रश्न ही रहना चाहिए, यानी helping verb आगे ही रहेगा और अंत में प्रश्नचिह्न लगेगा। पहचान के लिए प्रश्नों को तीन हिस्सों में बाँटिए। पहला, वे जो helping verb से शुरू होते हैं — Do, Does, Did, Is, Was, Has, Will। इनका passive बनाते समय do, does और did गायब हो जाते हैं और उनकी जगह काल के अनुसार is, are, was या were आ जाता है। ‘Did he write a letter?’ बनेगा ‘Was a letter written by him?’
दूसरा, वे जो wh-शब्द से शुरू होते हैं — what, when, where, why, how। इनमें wh-शब्द अपनी जगह पर सबसे आगे ही रहता है और उसके बाद passive का ढाँचा बनता है। ‘Why did he break the glass?’ बनेगा ‘Why was the glass broken by him?’ तीसरा, वे जो who से शुरू होते हैं। यहाँ who कर्ता है, और कर्ता by के बाद जाता है, इसलिए who बदलकर ‘by whom’ हो जाता है और वाक्य के आगे आ जाता है। ‘Who broke the window?’ बनेगा ‘By whom was the window broken?’ इसी तरह whom कर्म है, इसलिए passive में वह आगे बढ़कर who बन जाता है।
प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य — कौन-सा helping verb किसमें बदलता है
| Active का आरंभ | Passive का आरंभ | उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| Do / Does | Is / Am / Are | Does he write it? → Is it written by him? |
| Did | Was / Were | Did they build it? → Was it built by them? |
| Is / Am / Are | Is / Am / Are + being | Is she writing it? → Is it being written by her? |
| Was / Were | Was / Were + being | Were they painting it? → Was it being painted by them? |
| Has / Have | Has / Have been | Has he done it? → Has it been done by him? |
| Had | Had been | Had he done it? → Had it been done by him? |
| Will | Will be | Will he write it? → Will it be written by him? |
| Who | By whom | Who wrote it? → By whom was it written? |
| Whom | Who | Whom did you meet? → Who was met by you? |
प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य — Active से Passive
- Does he write a letter?Is a letter written by him?yes/no प्रश्न
- Did they build the school?Was the school built by them?yes/no प्रश्न
- Is she cooking the food?Is the food being cooked by her?yes/no प्रश्न
- Were the boys cleaning the room?Was the room being cleaned by the boys?yes/no प्रश्न
- Has the officer signed the file?Has the file been signed by the officer?yes/no प्रश्न
- Had he finished the work?Had the work been finished by him?yes/no प्रश्न
- Will you invite them?Will they be invited by you?yes/no प्रश्न
- Why did he break the glass?Why was the glass broken by him?wh- प्रश्न
- When will they announce the result?When will the result be announced by them?wh- प्रश्न
- Where do they keep the records?Where are the records kept by them?wh- प्रश्न
- What did she say?What was said by her?wh- प्रश्न
- How did he solve this sum?How was this sum solved by him?wh- प्रश्न
- Who broke the window?By whom was the window broken?who वाला प्रश्न
- Who wrote this book?By whom was this book written?who वाला प्रश्न
- Whom did you meet at the station?Who was met by you at the station?whom वाला प्रश्न
Modal वाले वाक्यों का Passive
Can, may, must, should, could, would, might, ought to — इन सबका नियम एक ही है और यह सबसे आसान नियम है: modal + be + V3. Modal अपनी जगह पर ज्यों का त्यों रहता है, उसके बाद be आता है, और फिर क्रिया का तीसरा रूप। इसलिए ‘He can solve this sum’ बनेगा ‘This sum can be solved by him’. नकारात्मक में modal के बाद not आ जाता है — ‘cannot be solved’। जहाँ ‘have to’ या ‘has to’ हो, वहाँ भी यही ढंग चलता है: ‘has to be done’, ‘had to be done’.
Modal वाले वाक्य — Active से Passive
- He can solve this sum.This sum can be solved by him.
- You must obey the rules.The rules must be obeyed by you.
- She may bring the file.The file may be brought by her.
- We should help the poor.The poor should be helped by us.
- They could not finish the work.The work could not be finished by them.
- The clerk must submit the report today.The report must be submitted by the clerk today.
- You ought to respect your teachers.Your teachers ought to be respected by you.
- He has to complete the form.The form has to be completed by him.
- We had to sell the old tractor.The old tractor had to be sold by us.
- One should not waste water.Water should not be wasted.
Infinitive और Gerund वाले वाक्यों का Passive
जब वाक्य में ‘to + क्रिया’ का रूप आए, तो उसका passive ‘to be + V3’ बनता है। ‘I have a letter to write’ बनेगा ‘I have a letter to be written’. इसी तरह ‘There is much work to do’ से ‘There is much work to be done’ बनता है। यह रूप सूचनाओं और आदेशों में बहुत मिलता है, इसलिए परीक्षा में भी आता है।
दूसरा रूप वह है जहाँ वाक्य में -ing वाला संज्ञा-रूप, यानी gerund आता है। ‘I like people helping me’ जैसे वाक्य का passive ‘I like being helped’ बनता है, यानी gerund का passive रूप ‘being + V3’ होता है। साथ ही कुछ वाक्यों में कर्ता अनिश्चित होता है — people, someone, they, one — और ऐसे वाक्यों का passive बनाते समय ‘by people’ या ‘by someone’ लिखना आवश्यक नहीं; उसे छोड़ देना ही अधिक शुद्ध माना जाता है। ‘People speak English all over the world’ का शुद्ध passive है ‘English is spoken all over the world’.
Infinitive, Gerund और अनिश्चित कर्ता — Active से Passive
- I have a letter to write.I have a letter to be written.infinitive
- There is much work to do.There is much work to be done.infinitive
- He has a form to fill.He has a form to be filled.infinitive
- She wants someone to help her.She wants to be helped.infinitive
- The officer has some files to check.The officer has some files to be checked.infinitive
- He likes people praising him.He likes being praised.gerund
- She hates people disturbing her.She hates being disturbed.gerund
- People speak English all over the world.English is spoken all over the world.अनिश्चित कर्ताby people लिखना आवश्यक नहीं
- Someone has stolen my bag.My bag has been stolen.अनिश्चित कर्ता
- They sell vegetables here.Vegetables are sold here.अनिश्चित कर्ता
- One should keep promises.Promises should be kept.अनिश्चित कर्ता
- Someone broke the lock last night.The lock was broken last night.अनिश्चित कर्ता
दो कर्म वाले वाक्य — passive के दो रूप
कुछ क्रियाओं के साथ दो कर्म आते हैं, एक व्यक्ति और एक वस्तु — give, teach, tell, send, offer, pay, lend, show. ‘He gave me a book’ में ‘me’ और ‘a book’ दोनों कर्म हैं। ऐसे वाक्य का passive दो तरह से बन सकता है, और दोनों शुद्ध माने जाते हैं। पहला — व्यक्ति को आगे लाकर: ‘I was given a book by him’. दूसरा — वस्तु को आगे लाकर: ‘A book was given to me by him’. ध्यान दीजिए कि दूसरे रूप में व्यक्ति के आगे to लगाना पड़ता है। परीक्षा में प्रायः व्यक्ति वाला रूप ही विकल्प में रखा जाता है, पर दोनों पहचानिए।
दो कर्म वाले वाक्य — Active से Passive
- He gave me a book.I was given a book by him. / A book was given to me by him.
- The teacher taught us grammar.We were taught grammar by the teacher.
- They offered him a job.He was offered a job by them.
- She told me the truth.I was told the truth by her.
- The company paid him his wages.He was paid his wages by the company.
- My uncle sent me a parcel.I was sent a parcel by my uncle.
- The clerk showed us the register.We were shown the register by the clerk.
इस भाग के अभ्यास प्रश्न
प्रश्न 1
Change into passive voice: Open the door.
- AThe door is opened.
- BLet the door be opened.
- CThe door was opened.
- DLet the door opened.
व्याख्या
आज्ञावाचक वाक्य का passive ‘Let + object + be + तीसरा रूप’ के साँचे में बनता है, और इसमें be लगाना अनिवार्य है।
प्रश्न 2
Change into passive voice: Who broke the window?
- AWho was the window broken?
- BBy whom the window was broken?
- CBy whom was the window broken?
- DWhom was the window broken by?
व्याख्या
who कर्ता है और passive में कर्ता by के बाद जाता है, इसलिए वह ‘by whom’ बन जाता है। साथ ही वाक्य प्रश्न है, इसलिए helping verb subject से पहले रहेगा।
प्रश्न 3
Change into passive voice: He can solve this sum.
- AThis sum can solved by him.
- BThis sum can be solved by him.
- CThis sum is solved by him.
- DThis sum could be solved by him.
व्याख्या
Modal वाले वाक्य का नियम है modal + be + तीसरा रूप। modal अपनी जगह पर वैसा ही रहता है, उसे बदला नहीं जाता।
प्रश्न 4
Change into passive voice: Did they build the school?
- AWas the school built by them?
- BDid the school built by them?
- CWas the school build by them?
- DIs the school built by them?
व्याख्या
Did वाले प्रश्न का passive बनाते समय did हट जाता है और उसकी जगह काल के अनुसार was या were आता है, तथा क्रिया तीसरे रूप में जाती है।
प्रश्न 5
Change into passive voice: Someone has stolen my bag.
- AMy bag has been stolen.
- BMy bag is stolen by someone.
- CMy bag was stolen by someone.
- DMy bag has stolen.
व्याख्या
कर्ता अनिश्चित हो तो by वाला हिस्सा छोड़ देना ही शुद्ध माना जाता है। शेष वाक्य Present Perfect के नियम से has been + तीसरा रूप में बनेगा।
प्रश्न 6
Change into passive voice: He gave me a book.
- AI was given a book by him.
- BI am given a book by him.
- CA book gave to me by him.
- DMe was given a book by him.
व्याख्या
दो कर्म वाले वाक्य में व्यक्ति को आगे लाकर passive बनाया जा सकता है, और आगे आने पर सर्वनाम कर्ता-रूप लेता है, इसलिए ‘me’ बदलकर ‘I’ हो जाता है।
प्रश्न 7
Change into passive voice: Do not waste water.
- AWater is not wasted.
- BDo not let water waste.
- CLet water not be wasted.
- DWater should not waste.
व्याख्या
नकारात्मक आज्ञावाचक वाक्य का passive ‘Let + object + not be + तीसरा रूप’ के साँचे में बनता है।
प्रश्न 8
Change into active voice: The work must be finished by you.
- AYou must finished the work.
- BYou finished the work.
- CYou must be finish the work.
- DYou must finish the work.
व्याख्या
Passive में ‘must be + तीसरा रूप’ था, इसलिए active में modal के बाद क्रिया अपने पहले रूप में लौट आएगी।
प्रश्न 9
Change into passive voice: Why did he break the glass?
- AWhy the glass was broken by him?
- BWhy is the glass broken by him?
- CWhy did the glass broken by him?
- DWhy was the glass broken by him?
व्याख्या
wh- शब्द अपनी जगह सबसे आगे रहता है और उसके बाद passive का ढाँचा बनता है; प्रश्न होने के कारण helping verb subject से पहले आएगा।
प्रश्न 10
Change into passive voice: I have a letter to write.
- AI have a letter to be written.
- BI have a letter to written.
- CA letter is written by me.
- DI have a letter being written.
व्याख्या
‘to + क्रिया’ वाले वाक्य में passive का रूप ‘to be + तीसरा रूप’ बनता है, इसलिए ‘to write’ बदलकर ‘to be written’ हो जाता है।
प्रश्न 11
Change into passive voice: Please close the window.
- ALet the window close.
- BThe window is closed by you.
- CYou are requested to close the window.
- DLet the window closing.
व्याख्या
please वाले अनुरोध का passive प्रायः ‘You are requested to …’ के रूप में बनाया जाता है।