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REET Language-I/II · Hindi

Vachya (Voice) — REET Hindi Grammar Notes

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Vachya refers to the form of the verb that shows which of the subject, object, or the action itself is primary in a sentence — this is part of the sentence-structure unit in the REET Language-I/II syllabus. This page explains how to identify active voice (kartari vachya), passive voice (karmani vachya), and impersonal voice (bhav vachya), along with the rules for converting between them, so voice-conversion questions become easy to solve in the exam.

  • 0 questions in REET 2024
  • Class 6–8 level
  • 9 min read
Verified 17 September 2026

How REET asks this topic

Vachya is linked to pad-parichay and sentence-structure, and is considered part of the REET Language-I/II syllabus. There was no direct question on vachya in REET 2024's paper, so this page is based on the syllabus and standard Hindi grammar rules. Generally, a question asks you to convert a sentence from one voice to another, or to identify the voice-type of a given sentence. Telling bhav vachya (impersonal voice) apart from kartari/karmani vachya is especially tested, since students get most confused here.

Definition of Vachya

The form of the verb that tells us whether the verb's action is primarily linked to the subject, the object, or the action itself, is called vachya. Hindi recognises three types of vachya — kartari vachya (active voice), karmani vachya (passive voice), and bhav vachya (impersonal voice).

To identify the vachya, first see what the verb in the sentence is changing according to — its gender, number, and person. If the verb changes according to the subject, it's kartari vachya; if it changes according to the object, it's karmani vachya; and if the verb never changes (no matter who the subject or object is), it's bhav vachya. This three-step check is enough to solve most vachya questions.

The Three Types of Vachya

TypeHow to IdentifyExample
Kartari vachya (active voice)The verb's form changes according to the subject's gender-number-person; the subject is primaryमोहन पत्र लिखता है
Karmani vachya (passive voice)The verb's form changes according to the object; the subject takes 'से/के द्वारा' and the root 'जाना' joins the verbपत्र मोहन के द्वारा लिखा जाता है
Bhav vachya (impersonal voice)The verb always stays in the third person, singular, masculine form; usually used with intransitive verbs and in a sense of inability/prohibitionमुझसे चला नहीं जाता

Rules for Converting Kartari Vachya to Karmani Vachya

Remove the case-marker 'ने' attached to the subject and add 'से' or 'के द्वारा'. Bring the object to the start of the sentence to make it primary. Add the verb 'जाना' to the main verb's root and change it according to the gender-number of the object — for example: 'राकेश किताब पढ़ रहा है' (kartari vachya) becomes 'राकेश के द्वारा किताब पढ़ी जा रही है' (karmani vachya).

The karmani vachya form also changes according to tense — in the present tense 'जाता है/जाती है' is used, in the past tense 'गया/गई', and in the future tense 'जाएगा/जाएगी' is added. So identifying the tense of the original sentence is the first step when converting voice, so that the karmani vachya form is built in the same tense too. Similarly, when converting back from karmani vachya to kartari vachya, the object needs to be removed, the original subject brought back into the subject-case, and the verb reshaped according to the subject's gender-number.

Examples of Voice Conversion

Kartari VachyaKarmani Vachya
राम पत्र लिखता हैराम के द्वारा पत्र लिखा जाता है
शिक्षिका बच्चों को पढ़ाती हैशिक्षिका के द्वारा बच्चों को पढ़ाया जाता है
मजदूर दीवार बनाता हैमजदूर द्वारा दीवार बनाई जाती है
किसान खेत जोतता हैकिसान द्वारा खेत जोता जाता है

Signs for Identifying Bhav Vachya

Verb Form
Always third person, singular, masculine — unaffected by the gender-number of the subject or object
Typical Usage
In a sense of inability, prohibition, or lack of permission — as in 'मुझसे चला नहीं जाता', 'अब बैठा नहीं जाता'
Subject's Case
In bhav vachya, the subject usually takes the case-marker 'से', not 'ने'
Scope of Usage
Bhav vachya is usually formed only with intransitive verbs; a direct bhav vachya form of transitive verbs is very uncommon

All Three Voices Together — A Comparison

Original Sentence

Kartari vachyaबच्चे खेल रहे हैं

Karmani vachyaबच्चे खेल रहे हैं

Bhav vachyaबच्चे खेल रहे हैं

Resulting Voice Form

Kartari vachya(original form, no change)

Karmani vachyaबच्चों द्वारा खेला जा रहा है

Bhav vachyaबच्चों से खेला नहीं जा रहा (if showing inability)

Seeing the same event in all three voices makes the difference clear.

How to Teach This to Children

Classroom Activity

Have children say the same event two ways — 'राम ने खाना खाया' (kartari vachya) and 'राम के द्वारा खाना खाया गया' (karmani vachya) — this makes practising the conversion natural, and children feel the difference themselves.

Teaching Aids

Make three-coloured cards (kartari/karmani/bhav) and have students place a given sentence in the correct voice-category, then discuss in groups and explain their reasoning too.

Common Misconception

Students often assume every sentence with 'के द्वारा' is karmani vachya, when the real basis for identification is whether the verb is changing according to the subject's or the object's gender-number — deciding just from a word can be misleading.

Assessment Idea

Take five sentences from a textbook paragraph and have students identify their voice and convert one voice into another, then do a group review of right and wrong answers.

Trick to Remember

What the verb is changing according to is what decides the voice — if it changes with the subject, it's kartari vachya; if with the object, it's karmani vachya; and if it never changes (staying third person-singular-masculine always), it's bhav vachya. To check quickly in the exam, change the gender-number of both the subject and the object in the sentence and see — whichever one's change alters the verb's form is what decides the voice.

Practice Questions

Question 1

The sentence 'शिक्षक पढ़ाते हैं' is an example of which vachya (voice)?

  1. Aकर्तृवाच्य
  2. Bकर्मवाच्य
  3. Cभाववाच्य
  4. Dइनमें से कोई नहीं

Explanation

The verb 'पढ़ाते हैं' agrees with the number-person of the subject 'शिक्षक', so this is kartari vachya (active voice).

Question 2

The sentence 'पत्र मोहन के द्वारा लिखा गया' is an example of which vachya?

  1. Aकर्तृवाच्य
  2. Bकर्मवाच्य
  3. Cभाववाच्य
  4. Dप्रेरणार्थक वाच्य

Explanation

Here the verb 'लिखा गया' agrees with the object 'पत्र' (masculine), and the subject carries 'के द्वारा', so this is karmani vachya (passive voice).

Question 3

In the sentence 'मुझसे अब चला नहीं जाता', the vachya is—

  1. Aकर्तृवाच्य
  2. Bकर्मवाच्य
  3. Cभाववाच्य
  4. Dकोई नहीं

Explanation

This is an intransitive-verb sentence showing inability, in which the verb always stays in the third person-singular-masculine form — this is the identifying mark of bhav vachya.

Question 4

The karma vachya (passive) form of 'माली बगीचे में पौधे लगाता है' is—

  1. Aमाली के द्वारा बगीचे में पौधे लगाए जाते हैं
  2. Bबगीचे में पौधे माली लगाते हैं
  3. Cमाली ने बगीचे में पौधे लगाए
  4. Dपौधे बगीचे में लगते हैं

Explanation

With the object 'पौधे' (plural) made primary, the verb 'लगाए जाते हैं' is built in the plural to agree with the object, and 'के द्वारा' is added to the subject.

Question 5

The karma vachya (passive) form of 'नेताजी का भाषण सबने ध्यान से सुना' is—

  1. Aनेताजी का भाषण सबके द्वारा ध्यान से सुना गया
  2. Bसबने नेताजी का भाषण सुना
  3. Cभाषण सबने सुना
  4. Dनेताजी ने भाषण दिया

Explanation

Bringing the object 'भाषण' to the start of the sentence, the verb 'सुना गया' is built to agree with the object (masculine, singular).

Question 6

In the sentence 'रात में ठीक से सोया नहीं जाता', the verb form 'सोया नहीं जाता' will always remain in which form, regardless of who the subject is?

  1. Aकर्ता के लिंग-वचन अनुसार बदलता रहेगा
  2. Bसदैव अन्य पुरुष, एकवचन, पुल्लिंग रहेगा
  3. Cसदैव स्त्रीलिंग रहेगा
  4. Dसदैव बहुवचन रहेगा

Explanation

The verb-form in bhav vachya always stays in the third person, singular, masculine, no matter who the subject is — 'सोया नहीं जाता' follows exactly this rule.

Question 7

Why is it a common mistake for students to assume a sentence is karma vachya (passive) as soon as they see the words 'के द्वारा'?

  1. Aक्योंकि वाच्य पहचानने का असली आधार यह है कि क्रिया किसके अनुसार बदल रही है, न कि केवल 'के द्वारा' शब्द की उपस्थिति
  2. Bक्योंकि 'के द्वारा' सदैव कर्तृवाच्य दिखाता है
  3. Cक्योंकि 'के द्वारा' का वाच्य से कोई संबंध नहीं
  4. Dक्योंकि यह हमेशा भाववाच्य होता है

Explanation

The real basis for identifying voice is whether the verb is changing according to something, not just the presence of the words 'के द्वारा' — this misconception needs to be cleared up in class.

Question 8

The kartri vachya (active) form of 'बच्चों द्वारा बगीचे में खूब उछल-कूद की गई' is—

  1. Aबच्चों ने बगीचे में खूब उछल-कूद की
  2. Bबगीचे में बच्चे उछल-कूद करते हैं
  3. Cबच्चों को बगीचे में उछल-कूद करनी है
  4. Dबगीचे में उछल-कूद हुई

Explanation

Bringing the subject 'बच्चों' into the subject-case ('ने') and changing the verb to agree with the subject as 'की' gives back the original kartari vachya sentence.

Question 9

In the sentence 'किसानों द्वारा फसल काटी गई', the underlined verb 'काटी गई' agrees with which of the following?

  1. Aकर्ता 'किसानों' के अनुसार
  2. Bकर्म 'फसल' (स्त्रीलिंग) के अनुसार
  3. Cदोनों के अनुसार समान रूप से
  4. Dकिसी के अनुसार नहीं, यह भाववाच्य है

Explanation

'फसल' is a feminine word, so the verb 'काटी गई' is in the feminine form agreeing with the object — this is the identifying mark of karmani vachya.

Question 10

The correct example of bhav vachya (impersonal voice) among the following is—

  1. Aराम पत्र लिखता है
  2. Bपत्र राम द्वारा लिखा जाता है
  3. Cबच्चे से अब रोया नहीं जाता
  4. Dबच्चा रोता है

Explanation

The form 'रोया नहीं जाता' doesn't change according to the gender-number of the subject (बच्चे) or any object, and it shows a sense of inability — this is the identifying mark of bhav vachya.

Frequently Asked Questions

How is vachya asked about in the REET exam?+

Usually by asking you to convert a sentence from one voice to another, or to identify the voice-type of a given sentence.

What's the main difference between karmani vachya and bhav vachya?+

In karmani vachya, the verb changes according to the object's gender-number, while in bhav vachya, the verb always stays in the third person, singular, masculine form, regardless of the subject or object.

Which verbs is bhav vachya more commonly used with?+

Bhav vachya is mostly used with intransitive verbs (चलना, बैठना, रोना) and in a sense of inability or prohibition; its use with transitive verbs is rare.

What's the easiest way to convert kartari vachya into karmani vachya?+

Add 'के द्वारा/से' to the subject, bring the object to the start of the sentence, and add the root 'जाना' to the main verb, changing it according to the object's gender-number.

Can every transitive verb be converted into karmani vachya?+

Yes, generally every transitive verb (whose object is clear) can be given a karmani vachya form, while intransitive verbs don't form a direct karmani vachya — bhav vachya is used for them instead. Students often mistake bhav vachya for karmani vachya, because both attach the root 'जाना' to the verb — to tell them apart, check whether the verb is changing according to the object (karmani vachya) or always staying the same (bhav vachya).

Read Next

Karak (Case)

Types of case — a necessary foundation for understanding voice

Sentence Structure and Types

Sentence types and structure — the next topic in REET Hindi grammar

REET Syllabus

The complete official REET Level 1 and Level 2 syllabus in one place

REET 2024 Solved Paper

All solved REET 2024 questions, organised by subject

Change Log

  • 17 September 2026 — English page published — mirrors the fact-checked Hindi page, independently bilingual-accuracy checked