कथन, प्रश्न और आज्ञावाचक वाक्य
तीन सबसे ज़्यादा पूछे जाने वाले प्रकार। हर प्रकार में reporting verb बदलता है और जोड़ने वाला शब्द अलग होता है — कथन में that, प्रश्न में if या wh-शब्द, आज्ञा में to। कुल 48 उदाहरण।
साधारण कथन वाले वाक्य (Assertive Sentences)
नियम: उद्धरण-चिह्न हटाइए, उनकी जगह that लगाइए, और तीनों परिवर्तन कर दीजिए। Reporting verb में say को say ही रहने दीजिए यदि सुनने वाला नहीं बताया गया, और say to को tell बना दीजिए यदि बताया गया है। बोलचाल में that कभी-कभी छोड़ भी दिया जाता है, पर परीक्षा में उसे लिख देना ही सुरक्षित है।
साधारण कथन — Direct से Indirect
- He said, "I am busy."He said that he was busy.
- She said, "I am writing a letter."She said that she was writing a letter.
- He said to me, "I have finished my work."He told me that he had finished his work.
- They said, "We went to the fair."They said that they had gone to the fair.
- Ram said, "I will come tomorrow."Ram said that he would come the next day.
- She said to him, "You are my best friend."She told him that he was her best friend.
- The teacher said, "The class will start at nine."The teacher said that the class would start at nine.
- He said, "I can solve this sum."He said that he could solve that sum.
- Mohan said, "I bought this book yesterday."Mohan said that he had bought that book the previous day.
- She said, "I am living here now."She said that she was living there then.
- He said to us, "I may reach late."He told us that he might reach late.
- The officer said, "I have signed the file."The officer said that he had signed the file.
- My father said, "I was working in the field."My father said that he had been working in the field.
- She says, "I am tired."She says that she is tired.reporting verb वर्तमान में
- He will say, "I am ready."He will say that he is ready.reporting verb भविष्य में
- He said, "I had already paid the fee."He said that he had already paid the fee.Past Perfect नहीं बदलता
- They said, "We must leave now."They said that they had to leave then.
- She said, "I shall write to you."She said that she would write to me.
प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य (Interrogative Sentences)
प्रश्नों के दो प्रकार हैं और दोनों के नियम अलग हैं, पर एक बात दोनों में समान है — indirect बनाते ही वाक्य प्रश्न नहीं रह जाता, इसलिए अंत में प्रश्नचिह्न नहीं लगता और helping verb subject के पीछे लौट आता है। यह दूसरी बात सबसे ज़्यादा भूली जाती है। ‘He asked me where was I going’ अशुद्ध है; शुद्ध है ‘He asked me where I was going’, क्योंकि अब यह प्रश्न नहीं, कथन है।
पहला प्रकार है yes/no वाला प्रश्न, यानी वह जो helping verb से शुरू होता है — Do, Did, Is, Are, Was, Has, Can, Will। ऐसे प्रश्न में जोड़ने वाला शब्द if या whether आता है, और reporting verb बदलकर asked, enquired या wanted to know हो जाता है। दूसरा प्रकार है wh- वाला प्रश्न, यानी वह जो what, when, where, why, how, which, who से शुरू होता है। यहाँ कोई नया जोड़ने वाला शब्द नहीं लगता; वही wh-शब्द जोड़ने का काम कर देता है। इसलिए if या whether लगाना यहाँ भूल है।
प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में reporting verb और जोड़ने वाला शब्द
| प्रश्न का प्रकार | reporting verb | जोड़ने वाला शब्द | उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|---|
| yes/no प्रश्न (helping verb से शुरू) | said → asked / enquired | if / whether | He said, "Are you ill?" → He asked if I was ill. |
| wh- प्रश्न (what, why, where…) | said → asked / enquired | wh- शब्द ही | He said, "Where do you live?" → He asked where I lived. |
| कथन | said → said / told | that | He said, "I am ill." → He said that he was ill. |
| आज्ञा / अनुरोध | said → ordered / requested / advised | to | He said, "Open the door." → He ordered him to open the door. |
| विस्मय | said → exclaimed with joy / sorrow | that | He said, "How beautiful!" → He exclaimed with joy that it was very beautiful. |
| इच्छा / आशीर्वाद | said → prayed / wished | that | He said, "May you live long!" → He prayed that I might live long. |
प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य — Direct से Indirect
- He said to me, "Are you ill?"He asked me if I was ill.yes/no
- She said to him, "Do you know my brother?"She asked him if he knew her brother.yes/no
- The teacher said, "Have you finished the work?"The teacher asked whether we had finished the work.yes/no
- He said to her, "Can you come tomorrow?"He asked her if she could come the next day.yes/no
- Mother said to me, "Did you take your medicine?"Mother asked me if I had taken my medicine.yes/no
- He said, "Is it raining outside?"He asked whether it was raining outside.yes/no
- He said to me, "Where do you live?"He asked me where I lived.wh-
- She said to him, "Why are you late?"She asked him why he was late.wh-
- The officer said, "What is your name?"The officer asked what my name was.wh-
- He said to her, "When will you return?"He asked her when she would return.wh-
- The man said, "How did you reach here?"The man asked how I had reached there.wh-
- She said to me, "Which book do you want?"She asked me which book I wanted.wh-
- He said to us, "Who broke the window?"He asked us who had broken the window.wh-
- The clerk said, "Whom did you meet?"The clerk asked whom I had met.wh-
- She said, "How much money do you need?"She asked how much money I needed.wh-
आज्ञावाचक वाक्य (Imperative Sentences)
आज्ञा, अनुरोध, सलाह या मनाही वाले वाक्य में indirect बनाते समय that नहीं लगता; उसकी जगह to लगता है और भीतर वाली क्रिया अपने पहले रूप में रहती है। यहाँ काल का बदलाव होता ही नहीं, क्योंकि आज्ञा में कोई काल होता ही नहीं। असली काम reporting verb चुनने का है, और वह वाक्य के भाव से तय होता है — आदेश हो तो ordered या commanded, अनुरोध हो तो requested, सलाह हो तो advised, मनाही हो तो forbade, और बुलावा हो तो called।
नकारात्मक आज्ञा में to के पहले not आता है, यानी ‘not to’। ‘He said to me, “Do not go there”’ बनेगा ‘He advised me not to go there’. एक और बात ध्यान दीजिए — यदि direct वाक्य में please लगा हो, तो वह indirect में हट जाता है और उसका भाव requested शब्द में आ जाता है। इसी तरह sir या madam जैसे सम्बोधन भी हट जाते हैं और उनका भाव respectfully जैसे शब्द से आ जाता है।
आज्ञावाचक वाक्य — Direct से Indirect
- He said to me, "Open the door."He ordered me to open the door.आदेश
- The teacher said to us, "Write the answer."The teacher told us to write the answer.आदेश
- The officer said to the clerk, "Bring the file."The officer ordered the clerk to bring the file.आदेश
- She said to me, "Please help me."She requested me to help her.अनुरोध
- He said to her, "Please wait for a while."He requested her to wait for a while.अनुरोध
- The doctor said to him, "Take rest for two days."The doctor advised him to take rest for two days.सलाह
- My father said to me, "Work hard."My father advised me to work hard.सलाह
- He said to me, "Do not go there."He advised me not to go there.मनाही
- The guard said to them, "Do not touch the wires."The guard forbade them to touch the wires.मनाही
- She said to the child, "Do not cry."She told the child not to cry.मनाही
- The captain said to the players, "Do not lose hope."The captain encouraged the players not to lose hope.उत्साह
- He said to the boy, "Come here."He asked the boy to go there.बुलावा
- Mother said to me, "Go and sleep."Mother told me to go and sleep.आदेश
- He said to us, "Let us start the work."He suggested that we should start the work.सुझावlet us वाले वाक्य में suggested आता है
- She said to me, "Let me go."She requested me to let her go.अनुमति
इस भाग के अभ्यास प्रश्न
प्रश्न 1
Choose the correct indirect form: He said, "I am busy."
- AHe said that I was busy.
- BHe said that he was busy.
- CHe said that he is busy.
- DHe told that he was busy.
व्याख्या
reporting verb ‘said’ भूतकाल में है, इसलिए भीतर का काल एक कदम पीछे खिसककर was हो जाएगा, और first person सर्वनाम ‘I’ subject के अनुसार बदलकर he बनेगा।
प्रश्न 2
Choose the correct indirect form: She said to me, "Are you ill?"
- AShe asked me that I was ill.
- BShe asked me if I was ill.
- CShe asked me whether was I ill.
- DShe said me if I was ill.
व्याख्या
yes/no वाले प्रश्न में जोड़ने वाला शब्द if या whether आता है, that नहीं। साथ ही indirect में वाक्य प्रश्न नहीं रहता, इसलिए helping verb subject के पीछे लौट आता है।
प्रश्न 3
Choose the correct indirect form: He said to me, "Where do you live?"
- AHe asked me where did I live.
- BHe asked me if I lived there.
- CHe asked me where I lived.
- DHe said me where I lived.
व्याख्या
wh- वाले प्रश्न में wh-शब्द ही जोड़ने का काम करता है, इसलिए if लगाना भूल है। indirect में शब्द-क्रम कथन जैसा हो जाता है, इसलिए ‘where I lived’ शुद्ध है।
प्रश्न 4
Choose the correct indirect form: He said to me, "Open the door."
- AHe said to me that I should open the door.
- BHe ordered me to open the door.
- CHe ordered me that I open the door.
- DHe asked me if I opened the door.
व्याख्या
आज्ञावाचक वाक्य में that नहीं, to लगता है, और reporting verb भाव के अनुसार ordered बन जाता है।
प्रश्न 5
Choose the correct indirect form: She said to him, "Please help me."
- AShe requested him to help her.
- BShe told him that he helped her.
- CShe requested him that he help her.
- DShe ordered him to help her.
व्याख्या
please वाले वाक्य में अनुरोध का भाव है, इसलिए reporting verb requested बनता है और to लगाकर वाक्य जोड़ा जाता है; please स्वयं हट जाता है।
प्रश्न 6
Choose the correct indirect form: He said to them, "Do not make a noise."
- AHe told them that they did not make a noise.
- BHe forbade them to make a noise.
- CHe ordered them to not making a noise.
- DHe asked them if they made a noise.
व्याख्या
नकारात्मक आज्ञा में या तो ‘not to’ लगाया जाता है या reporting verb forbade कर दिया जाता है; दोनों शुद्ध माने जाते हैं।
प्रश्न 7
Choose the correct indirect form: He said to her, "Can you drive?"
- AHe asked her if she can drive.
- BHe asked her that she could drive.
- CHe asked her whether could she drive.
- DHe asked her if she could drive.
व्याख्या
yes/no प्रश्न में if आएगा, can बदलकर could होगा, और helping verb subject के पीछे लौट आएगा।
प्रश्न 8
Choose the correct indirect form: The doctor said to him, "Take rest."
- AThe doctor said to him that he took rest.
- BThe doctor asked him if he took rest.
- CThe doctor advised him that take rest.
- DThe doctor advised him to take rest.
व्याख्या
यहाँ सलाह का भाव है, इसलिए reporting verb advised बनेगा और आज्ञावाचक वाक्य में to लगेगा।
प्रश्न 9
Which word joins the two parts in an indirect yes/no question?
- Athat
- Bto
- Cand
- Dif
व्याख्या
yes/no वाले प्रश्न में if अथवा whether जोड़ने का काम करता है; that कथन में आता है और to आज्ञा में।
प्रश्न 10
Choose the correct indirect form: She said to him, "Why are you sad?"
- AShe asked him why was he sad.
- BShe told him why he was sad.
- CShe asked him if he was sad.
- DShe asked him why he was sad.
व्याख्या
wh- प्रश्न में wh-शब्द ही जोड़ता है, और indirect बनते ही शब्द-क्रम कथन जैसा हो जाता है।