विस्मयवाचक, इच्छावाचक और मिले-जुले वाक्य
विस्मय और इच्छा वाले वाक्यों में reporting verb पूरी तरह बदल जाता है — said की जगह exclaimed, wished, prayed। इनके साथ मिले-जुले वाक्य और 30 वाक्यों का अभ्यास यहाँ है।
विस्मयवाचक वाक्य (Exclamatory Sentences)
विस्मय वाले वाक्य में भाव ही मुख्य होता है, इसलिए indirect बनाते समय पहले वह भाव नाम लेकर बताया जाता है और फिर बात that से जोड़ी जाती है। खुशी हो तो exclaimed with joy, दुख हो तो exclaimed with sorrow, आश्चर्य हो तो exclaimed with surprise, और घृणा हो तो exclaimed with disgust। इसके बाद भीतर वाला वाक्य साधारण कथन की तरह लिखा जाता है और तीनों परिवर्तन लागू होते हैं।
दूसरी बात यह कि विस्मय वाले वाक्यों में what और how प्रायः बल देने के लिए आते हैं, और indirect में वे हट जाते हैं। उनकी जगह very या great जैसा शब्द आ जाता है। इसलिए ‘How beautiful the garden is!’ बनेगा ‘He exclaimed with joy that the garden was very beautiful’, और ‘What a fine building!’ बनेगा ‘He exclaimed with surprise that it was a very fine building’. Alas, Hurrah, Bravo, Oh जैसे विस्मयबोधक शब्द भी indirect में हट जाते हैं और उनका भाव reporting verb में समा जाता है।
विस्मयवाचक वाक्य — Direct से Indirect
- He said, "How beautiful the garden is!"He exclaimed with joy that the garden was very beautiful.खुशी
- She said, "What a fine building it is!"She exclaimed with surprise that it was a very fine building.आश्चर्य
- He said, "Hurrah! We have won the match."He exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.खुशी
- She said, "Alas! My brother is ill."She exclaimed with sorrow that her brother was ill.दुख
- He said, "Alas! I have lost my purse."He exclaimed with sorrow that he had lost his purse.दुख
- The man said, "Bravo! You have done well."The man applauded him, saying that he had done well.प्रशंसा
- She said, "What a hot day it is!"She exclaimed that it was a very hot day.आश्चर्य
- He said, "Oh! The road is blocked."He exclaimed with surprise that the road was blocked.आश्चर्य
- They said, "How sweet these mangoes are!"They exclaimed with joy that those mangoes were very sweet.खुशी
- He said, "What a pity!"He exclaimed with sorrow that it was a great pity.दुख
इच्छावाचक वाक्य (Optative Sentences)
इच्छा, दुआ, प्रार्थना या शाप वाले वाक्यों में reporting verb बदलकर prayed, wished या cursed हो जाता है और जोड़ने वाला शब्द that रहता है। भीतर वाले वाक्य में may प्रायः might बन जाता है, क्योंकि reporting verb भूतकाल में है। ऐसे वाक्य प्रायः May से या God से शुरू होते हैं और अंत में विस्मयादिबोधक चिह्न होता है।
इच्छावाचक वाक्य — Direct से Indirect
- He said to me, "May you live long!"He prayed that I might live long.आशीर्वाद
- She said, "May God bless you!"She prayed that God might bless me.आशीर्वाद
- The old man said, "May you pass the examination!"The old man wished that I might pass the examination.शुभकामना
- He said, "May God help us in this trouble!"He prayed that God might help them in that trouble.प्रार्थना
- She said to him, "May you never fail!"She wished that he might never fail.शुभकामना
- He said, "God save the country!"He prayed that God might save the country.प्रार्थना
- The saint said, "May peace be with you!"The saint prayed that peace might be with me.आशीर्वाद
मिले-जुले वाक्य और कुछ विशेष स्थितियाँ
अब तक हमने वाक्य के पाँच प्रकार अलग-अलग देखे। असल भाषा में ये अकसर मिलकर आते हैं — कोई पहले कुछ बताता है और फिर कुछ पूछ लेता है, या पहले आदेश देता है और फिर कारण बता देता है। ऐसे वाक्यों को indirect बनाते समय नियम यह है कि हर हिस्से का अपना जोड़ने वाला शब्द अलग से लगाना पड़ता है। यानी कथन वाले हिस्से के लिए that, प्रश्न वाले हिस्से के लिए if या wh-शब्द, और आज्ञा वाले हिस्से के लिए to। इन्हें एक ही that से जोड़ देना भूल है। उदाहरण से देखिए — ‘He said to me, “I am tired. Will you help me?”’ बनेगा ‘He told me that he was tired and asked me if I would help him’. ध्यान दीजिए कि दूसरे हिस्से के लिए asked अलग से आया।
दूसरी विशेष स्थिति सम्बोधन की है। यदि direct वाक्य में किसी को पुकारा गया हो — ‘Sir’, ‘Friends’, ‘Ram’ — तो indirect में वह पुकार हट जाती है और उसका भाव reporting verb में या उसके साथ आए शब्द में आ जाता है। ‘He said, “Friends, lend me your ears”’ बनेगा ‘He requested his friends to lend him their ears’. तीसरी स्थिति yes और no की है। यदि उत्तर में केवल yes या no हो, तो indirect में ‘replied in the affirmative’ अथवा ‘replied in the negative’ लिखा जाता है, या फिर ‘said yes’ और ‘said no’ को वाक्य में खोलकर लिखा जाता है।
मिले-जुले वाक्य और विशेष स्थितियाँ
- He said to me, "I am tired. Will you help me?"He told me that he was tired and asked me if I would help him.कथन + प्रश्न
- She said to him, "Sit down. Why are you standing?"She told him to sit down and asked why he was standing.आज्ञा + प्रश्न
- He said, "Friends, lend me your ears."He requested his friends to lend him their ears.सम्बोधन
- The leader said, "Sir, I am ready to serve."The leader respectfully said that he was ready to serve.सम्बोधन
- He said, "Yes, I have read the book."He replied in the affirmative and said that he had read the book.yes
- She said, "No, I did not see him."She replied in the negative and said that she had not seen him.no
- He said to me, "Wait here. I will return soon."He told me to wait there and said that he would return soon.आज्ञा + कथन
- She said, "I am ill, so I cannot come."She said that she was ill, so she could not come.कथन + कारण
- He said, "Thank you for your help."He thanked me for my help.धन्यवाद
- She said to him, "Good morning."She wished him good morning.अभिवादन
- He said, "Goodbye, my friends."He bade goodbye to his friends.विदाई
- He said to us, "Congratulations on your success."He congratulated us on our success.बधाई
और अभ्यास — कथन वाले वाक्य
- He said, "I do not like this plan."He said that he did not like that plan.
- She said, "My brother lives in Kota."She said that her brother lived in Kota.
- They said, "We are waiting for the bus."They said that they were waiting for the bus.
- He said to her, "I met your father last week."He told her that he had met her father the previous week.
- The farmer said, "I have sown the seeds."The farmer said that he had sown the seeds.
- She said, "I will not go there again."She said that she would not go there again.
- He said, "I am staying here today."He said that he was staying there that day.
- My friend said, "I can walk ten miles."My friend said that he could walk ten miles.
- She said to me, "I saw you at the fair."She told me that she had seen me at the fair.
- He said, "It was raining all night."He said that it had been raining all night.
- The boy said, "I have not done my homework."The boy said that he had not done his homework.
- She said, "I shall meet him tomorrow."She said that she would meet him the next day.
- He said to them, "You must work harder."He told them that they had to work harder.
- The clerk said, "The office is closed today."The clerk said that the office was closed that day.
- She said, "I bought these bangles here."She said that she had bought those bangles there.
और अभ्यास — प्रश्न, आज्ञा और विस्मय
- He said to me, "Have you seen my pen?"He asked me if I had seen his pen.yes/no
- She said to him, "Are you coming with us?"She asked him whether he was coming with them.yes/no
- He said, "Will the train arrive on time?"He asked whether the train would arrive on time.yes/no
- The officer said to him, "Did you submit the form?"The officer asked him if he had submitted the form.yes/no
- She said to me, "What are you doing here?"She asked me what I was doing there.wh-
- He said to her, "Where did you buy this shawl?"He asked her where she had bought that shawl.wh-
- The teacher said, "Who has broken the chair?"The teacher asked who had broken the chair.wh-
- He said to me, "How long will you stay?"He asked me how long I would stay.wh-
- She said to the servant, "Clean the room."She ordered the servant to clean the room.आज्ञा
- He said to me, "Please lend me your book."He requested me to lend him my book.अनुरोध
- The doctor said to her, "Do not eat cold things."The doctor advised her not to eat cold things.मनाही
- He said to the boys, "Keep quiet."He told the boys to keep quiet.आज्ञा
- She said, "How cold the night is!"She exclaimed that the night was very cold.विस्मय
- He said, "Alas! We have lost the match."He exclaimed with sorrow that they had lost the match.विस्मय
- They said, "Hurrah! Our team has won."They exclaimed with joy that their team had won.विस्मय
इस भाग के अभ्यास प्रश्न
प्रश्न 1
Choose the correct indirect form: He said, "How beautiful the garden is!"
- AHe said that the garden was beautiful.
- BHe asked how beautiful the garden was.
- CHe exclaimed with joy that the garden was very beautiful.
- DHe exclaimed that how beautiful the garden was.
व्याख्या
विस्मयवाचक वाक्य में भाव पहले नाम लेकर बताया जाता है और how बल देने के लिए आया है, इसलिए indirect में वह हटकर very हो जाता है।
प्रश्न 2
Choose the correct indirect form: He said, "May you live long!"
- AHe said that I would live long.
- BHe wished that I lived long.
- CHe prayed that I might live long.
- DHe prayed that I may live long.
व्याख्या
इच्छावाचक वाक्य में reporting verb prayed या wished बनता है, और reporting verb भूतकाल में होने से may बदलकर might हो जाता है।
प्रश्न 3
Choose the correct indirect form: He said, "Alas! I have failed."
- AHe said that he had failed.
- BHe exclaimed with joy that he had failed.
- CHe exclaimed with sorrow that he had failed.
- DHe said alas that he had failed.
व्याख्या
Alas दुख का विस्मयबोधक है, इसलिए reporting verb ‘exclaimed with sorrow’ बनेगा और Alas स्वयं हट जाएगा।
प्रश्न 4
Choose the correct direct form: He said that he was tired.
- AHe said, "I was tired."
- BHe said, "I have been tired."
- CHe said, "He is tired."
- DHe said, "I am tired."
व्याख्या
Indirect से direct बनाते समय काल एक कदम आगे लौटता है, इसलिए was बदलकर am होगा और सर्वनाम he बदलकर I।
प्रश्न 5
Choose the correct indirect form: He said, "We must leave now."
- AHe said that they must leave now.
- BHe said that they must left then.
- CHe said that they have to leave now.
- DHe said that they had to leave then.
व्याख्या
must indirect में प्रायः had to बन जाता है, और now बदलकर then हो जाता है।