Sarvanam (सर्वनाम, Pronouns)
सर्वनाम (Sarvanam) (pronouns) are words used in place of a noun. REET repeatedly gives an underlined word from a passage and asks you to identify its part of speech (whether or not it is a pronoun), which tests the fine line between a pronoun and a pronominal adjective (सार्वनामिक विशेषण (sarvanamik visheshan)).
- 3 questions in REET 2024
- Class 6-8 depth
- 8 min read
How REET asks this
All three REET 2024 questions gave an underlined word from a passage (‘हमारा (hamara)’, ‘हमने (hamne)’, ‘उसका (uska)’) and asked for its part of speech, and in all three the official answer was ‘pronoun’. It’s worth noting that when a pronoun sits right before a noun and describes it (as ‘उसका (uska)’ does in ‘उसका (uska) ghar’, his/her house), it can grammatically also be called a सार्वनामिक विशेषण (sarvanamik visheshan) (pronominal adjective) — but in REET’s options, when ‘pronominal adjective’ isn’t listed alongside ‘adjective’, or when the part of speech is asked directly, the accepted official answer has been ‘pronoun’.
What is a सर्वनाम (sarvanam) (pronoun)?
Words used in place of a noun, to avoid repeating it again and again, are called pronouns — for example, instead of ‘Ram went to school, Ram read a book’, it is more natural to say ‘Ram went to school, he (उसने (usne)) read a book’, where ‘उसने (usne)’ is the pronoun. Hindi recognises 11 basic pronoun words — मैं (main), तू (tu), आप (aap), यह (yah), वह (vah), जो, सो (jo, so), कौन (kaun), क्या (kya), कोई (koi), कुछ (kuchh) — and all other forms (मेरा (mera), तुम्हारा (tumhara), उसका (uska), हमने (hamne), etc.) are built from these.
Hindi grammar recognises six types of pronouns: पुरुषवाचक (purushvachak) (personal: मैं (main), तू (tu), वह (vah)), निश्चयवाचक (nishchayvachak) (demonstrative: यह (yah), वह (vah)), अनिश्चयवाचक (anishchayvachak) (indefinite: कोई (koi), कुछ (kuchh)), संबंधवाचक (sambandhvachak) (relative: जो…सो (jo…so)), प्रश्नवाचक (prashnavachak) (interrogative: कौन (kaun), क्या (kya)) and निजवाचक (nijvachak) (reflexive: आप (aap), स्वयं (swayam), खुद (khud)).
The verb form also changes according to a pronoun’s number and person, so choosing the right pronoun matters for grammatical accuracy too — for example, in ‘मैं (main) jaata hoon’ (I go), the verb ‘hoon’ matches the first-person singular, while in ‘हम (hum) jaate hain’ (we go), ‘hain’ matches the plural. In REET, sentence-correction questions sometimes ask you to spot a mismatched pronoun-verb pair (like ‘वह (vah) jaate hain’ being wrong, and it should be ‘वह (vah) jaata hai’), so it helps to practise pronouns together with their matching verb forms too.
The word ‘आप (aap)’ is used in two directions — as a respectful second-person pronoun (as in ‘आप (aap) kaise hain?’, how are you?) and as a reflexive pronoun for oneself (as in ‘मैं (main) आप (aap) hi यह (yah) kaam karoonga’, I will do this work myself); the sentence’s context decides which sense is meant. Most pronouns are gender-neutral in themselves, and the verb in the sentence takes the gender of the noun that the pronoun is standing in for — by sparing you from repeating a noun again and again, pronouns keep language brief and natural.
For practice, take any short passage and underline every pronoun in it, writing down its type (personal/demonstrative/etc.) — this improves both the speed and accuracy of identifying the underlined word’s type in passage-based questions.
The six types of pronouns
| Type | Example words | Use | Example sentence |
|---|---|---|---|
| पुरुषवाचक (Purushvachak) सर्वनाम (sarvanam) (personal) | मैं (main), तू (tu), तुम (tum), हम, वह, वे (hum, vah, ve) | in place of the speaker, the listener, or the one being spoken about | मैं (main) school jaata hoon (I go to school). |
| निश्चयवाचक (Nishchayvachak) सर्वनाम (sarvanam) (demonstrative) | यह, वह, ये, वे (yah, vah, ye, ve) | to point to a specific, definite person/thing | यह (yah) मेरी (meri) kitaab hai (this is my book). |
| अनिश्चयवाचक (Anishchayvachak) सर्वनाम (sarvanam) (indefinite) | कोई (koi), कुछ (kuchh) | for an indefinite person/thing, when the identity is not fixed | कोई (koi) darwaaze par khada hai (someone is standing at the door). |
| संबंधवाचक (Sambandhvachak) सर्वनाम (sarvanam) (relative) | जो, सो (jo, so) | to connect two sentences/clauses to each other | जो मेहनत करता है, सो सफल होता है (jo mehnat karta hai, so safal hota hai) (whoever works hard succeeds). |
| प्रश्नवाचक (Prashnavachak) सर्वनाम (sarvanam) (interrogative) | कौन (kaun), क्या (kya) | to ask a question | तुम (tum) कौन (kaun) ho? (who are you?) |
| निजवाचक (Nijvachak) सर्वनाम (sarvanam) (reflexive) | आप (aap), स्वयं (swayam), खुद (khud) | used by the subject for themself | मैं (main) apna kaam स्वयं (swayam) karta hoon (I do my own work myself). |
The difference between a pronoun and a सार्वनामिक विशेषण (sarvanamik visheshan) (pronominal adjective)
This is the distinction that causes the most confusion in REET. When a pronoun word (यह (yah), वह (vah), कोई (koi), कुछ (kuchh)) stands alone in place of a noun, it is a pronoun — as in ‘वह (vah) aaya’ (he came). But when the same word comes right before a noun and describes it, grammar calls it a सार्वनामिक विशेषण (sarvanamik visheshan) (pronominal adjective) — as in ‘वह (vah) लड़का (ladka) aaya’ (that boy came), where ‘वह (vah)’ comes before the noun ‘लड़का (ladka)’ (boy) and works like an adjective.
Forms like ‘हमारा (hamara)’, ‘हमने (hamne)’, ‘उसका (uska)’ are built by attaching a case-marker (ka, ne) to the base pronoun (हम (hum), वह (vah)). In the exam, when the options don’t include ‘pronominal adjective’, and you must simply choose among noun-pronoun-adjective-verb, such forms are treated as pronouns, because they are fundamentally built from a word that stands in for a noun (a person).
पुरुषवाचक (Purushvachak) (personal) pronouns are further divided into three sub-types — उत्तम पुरुष (uttam purush) (first person, the speaker: मैं (main), हम (hum)), मध्यम पुरुष (madhyam purush) (second person, the listener: तू (tu), तुम (tum), आप (aap)) and अन्य पुरुष (anya purush) (third person, the one being spoken about: वह, वे (vah, ve)). REET sometimes tests personal pronouns based on these sub-types too, so it helps to remember ‘हम (hum)’ as first-person plural and ‘ve’ as third-person plural.
Once you’ve grasped this distinction clearly, learning about सार्वनामिक विशेषण (sarvanamik visheshan) in the adjectives topic also becomes easy, since the underlying rule is the same in both places.
How to teach this to children
Activity
Tell a short story in class and have students practise replacing a repeated noun (Ram, Sita) with a pronoun (वह (vah), उसने (usne)) — this builds a feel for actual usage.
Teaching material
Colour-coded cards for each of the six types, with example words written on them, make a good classification game for Classes 6-8.
Common misconception
Children tend to always assume words like ‘यह (yah)’, ‘वह (vah)’, ‘कोई (koi)’ are pronouns, even when they are sitting before a noun and functioning as an adjective — teach students to decide based on the word’s position in the sentence.
Assessment
Give 5 sentences and ask for the underlined word’s type (pronoun or pronominal adjective), and have students write one example for each of the six types of pronouns.
Memory trick / exam tip
If a noun comes right after ‘यह (yah)/वह (vah)/कोई (koi)’, check whether ‘pronominal adjective’ is among the options; if not, pick pronoun. If these words stand alone in place of a noun (with no noun right beside them), they are definitely pronouns.
Questions asked in REET 2024 (solved)
Question 81
In the sentence “यह प्राप्त सामग्री आज भी हमारा गौरव है।” (This acquired material is still our pride today), the word 'हमारा' used is one of the following -
- Aसंज्ञा
- Bसर्वनाम
- Cक्रिया-विशेषण
- Dक्रिया
Explanation
‘हमारा’ शब्द ‘हम’ (उत्तम पुरुष सर्वनाम) का संबंध कारक रूप है, जो संज्ञा के स्थान पर प्रयुक्त हुआ है। इसलिए यह सर्वनाम है (कुछ व्याकरण इसे सार्वनामिक विशेषण भी कहते हैं, पर विकल्पों में ‘सर्वनाम’ ही उपयुक्त है)।
Question 39
'..... आज हमने उन्हें अविकसित मान लिया है।' (..... today we have considered them underdeveloped.) In the given sentence, the underlined word is (underlined word: 'हमने')
- Aसंज्ञा
- Bसर्वनाम
- Cविशेषण
- Dक्रिया
Explanation
‘हमने’ = ‘हम’ + ‘ने’ (कर्ता कारक चिह्न)। ‘हम’ उत्तम पुरुष पुरुषवाचक सर्वनाम है जो बोलने वाले के नाम के स्थान पर आता है। अतः रेखांकित शब्द सर्वनाम है।
Question 83
In the sentence 'उसका बाह्य पक्ष आंतरिक का प्रतिबिम्ब नहीं तो उससे संबंधित अवश्य रहता है' the word 'उसका' is a
- Aक्रिया
- Bविशेषण
- Cसंज्ञा
- Dसर्वनाम
Explanation
‘उसका’ = ‘वह’ (अन्य पुरुष सर्वनाम) + ‘का’ (संबंध कारक)। यहाँ ‘उसका’ पिछले वाक्य की संज्ञा ‘संस्कृति’ के स्थान पर प्रयुक्त हुआ है, इसलिए आधिकारिक उत्तर सर्वनाम है। (संज्ञा से पहले आने के कारण इसे सार्वनामिक विशेषण भी कहा जा सकता है, पर विकल्पों में मूल शब्द-भेद सर्वनाम ही अपेक्षित है।)
Practice questions
Question 1
In the sentence 'जो परिश्रम करता है, सो सफल होता है', what type of sarvanam (pronoun) is 'जो...सो'?
- Aप्रश्नवाचक सर्वनाम
- Bसंबंधवाचक सर्वनाम
- Cनिजवाचक सर्वनाम
- Dअनिश्चयवाचक सर्वनाम
Explanation
‘जो…सो (Jo…so)’ works to connect two clauses to each other, so it is called a संबंधवाचक (sambandhvachak) (relative) pronoun. प्रश्नवाचक (Prashnavachak) (interrogative) pronouns (कौन (kaun), क्या (kya)) are used to ask a question, which isn’t happening here.
Question 2
In the sentence 'मैं अपना काम स्वयं करता हूँ', what type of sarvanam (pronoun) is 'स्वयं'?
- Aपुरुषवाचक सर्वनाम
- Bनिश्चयवाचक सर्वनाम
- Cनिजवाचक सर्वनाम
- Dप्रश्नवाचक सर्वनाम
Explanation
‘स्वयं (Swayam)’ is used by the subject for themself, to show that the action was done by them and not caused to be done by someone else. Such a pronoun is called a निजवाचक (nijvachak) (reflexive) pronoun.
Question 3
In the sentence 'कोई दरवाजे पर खड़ा है', what type of sarvanam (pronoun) is 'कोई'?
- Aनिश्चयवाचक सर्वनाम
- Bअनिश्चयवाचक सर्वनाम
- Cसंबंधवाचक सर्वनाम
- Dपुरुषवाचक सर्वनाम
Explanation
Here ‘कोई (koi)’ is pointing to some indefinite (unknown) person whose name or identity isn’t clear — so it is an अनिश्चयवाचक (anishchayvachak) (indefinite) pronoun.
Question 4
In the sentence 'वह लड़का मेहनती है', the word 'वह' is
- Aसर्वनाम
- Bसार्वनामिक विशेषण
- Cक्रिया-विशेषण
- Dसंज्ञा
Explanation
Here ‘वह (vah)’ does not stand alone in place of a noun, but comes right before the noun ‘लड़का (ladka)’ (boy) and points to it, so it is a सार्वनामिक विशेषण (sarvanamik visheshan) (pronominal adjective), not a pure pronoun.
Question 5
The number of mool sarvanam (basic pronoun) words in Hindi is considered to be
- A6
- B8
- C11
- D13
Explanation
Hindi grammar recognises 11 basic pronoun words — मैं (main), तू (tu), आप (aap), यह (yah), वह (vah), जो, सो (jo, so), कौन (kaun), क्या (kya), कोई (koi), कुछ (kuchh). All other forms (मेरा (mera), उसका (uska), etc.) are built from these.
Question 6
In the sentence 'तुम कौन हो?', 'कौन' is a
- Aप्रश्नवाचक सर्वनाम
- Bनिश्चयवाचक सर्वनाम
- Cसंबंधवाचक सर्वनाम
- Dनिजवाचक सर्वनाम
Explanation
Here ‘कौन (kaun)’ is used to ask a question, so it is a प्रश्नवाचक (prashnavachak) (interrogative) pronoun. कौन (Kaun) and क्या (kya) are the two main interrogative pronouns.
Question 7
In the sentence 'हमने उसे पत्र लिखा', the word 'हमने' is
- Aसंज्ञा
- Bसर्वनाम
- Cविशेषण
- Dक्रिया
Explanation
‘हमने (Hamne)’ = ‘हम (hum)’ (personal pronoun) + ‘ne’ (the case-marker for the subject). ‘हम (Hum)’ is a noun-replacing word standing in for a group of speakers, so this is a pronoun.
Question 8
The most suitable way to clarify the difference between sarvanam (pronoun) and sarvanamik visheshan (pronominal adjective) in class is
- Aदोनों को एक ही समझाकर आगे बढ़ जाना
- Bएक ही शब्द (जैसे ‘वह’) को दो अलग वाक्यों में — अकेले और संज्ञा के साथ — प्रयोग करके तुलना कराना
- Cकेवल परिभाषा रटवाना
- Dइस भेद को परीक्षा के लिए जरूरी न बताना
Explanation
The most effective approach is to show the same word (like ‘वह (vah)’) used in two different sentences — alone, and together with a noun — and compare them; this teaches children to judge the type based on the situation.
Question 9
In the sentence 'यह मेरी किताब है', the word 'मेरी' is formed from which mool sarvanam (basic pronoun)?
- Aतू
- Bमैं
- Cवह
- Dआप
Explanation
‘मेरी (Meri)’ is the possessive-case form of the base pronoun ‘मैं (main)’ (मैं (main) → मेरा (mera)/मेरी (meri)/mere). It falls under the first-person personal pronoun.
Question 10
In the sentence 'कुछ ठीक नहीं लग रहा है', 'कुछ' is a
- Aनिश्चयवाचक सर्वनाम
- Bअनिश्चयवाचक सर्वनाम
- Cप्रश्नवाचक सर्वनाम
- Dनिजवाचक सर्वनाम
Explanation
Here ‘कुछ (kuchh)’ is standing alone in place of some indefinite thing/situation (it doesn’t come before any noun), so it is an अनिश्चयवाचक (anishchayvachak) (indefinite) pronoun. Note that in a usage like ‘कुछ (kuchh) log’ (some people), ‘कुछ (kuchh)’ comes before a noun and functions as an adjective (an indefinite numeral adjective), not a pure pronoun.
Frequently asked questions
What is a सर्वनाम (sarvanam) (pronoun)?+
Words used in place of a noun, to avoid repeating it, are called pronouns — like मैं (main), तू (tu), वह (vah), यह (yah), कोई (koi).
How many types of pronouns are there?+
Hindi grammar recognises six types of pronouns — पुरुषवाचक (purushvachak) (personal), निश्चयवाचक (nishchayvachak) (demonstrative), अनिश्चयवाचक (anishchayvachak) (indefinite), संबंधवाचक (sambandhvachak) (relative), प्रश्नवाचक (prashnavachak) (interrogative) and निजवाचक (nijvachak) (reflexive).
How many REET questions come from pronouns?+
REET 2024 had 3 questions from this topic, all based on identifying the part of speech of an underlined word from a passage. It is a regular topic in Bhasha-I/II every year.
What is the difference between a pronoun and a सार्वनामिक विशेषण (sarvanamik visheshan)?+
When a pronoun word stands alone in place of a noun, it is a pronoun; when the same word comes before a noun and describes it, it is called a सार्वनामिक विशेषण (sarvanamik visheshan) (pronominal adjective).
How many sub-types does the personal pronoun have?+
Personal pronouns have three sub-types — first person (मैं (main), हम (hum)), second person (तू (tu), तुम (tum), आप (aap)) and third person (वह, वे (vah, ve)), representing the speaker, the listener, and the one being spoken about, respectively.
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Change Log
- 17 September 2026 — English page published — mirrors the fact-checked Hindi page, independently bilingual-accuracy checked