Word Classification by Origin: Tatsam, Tadbhav, Deshaj, Videshaj and the Dialects of Rajasthani — REET Notes
This page covers the four classes of Hindi words by origin — tatsam, tadbhav, deshaj and videshaj — with identification rules and the examples that keep coming back in the exam. It also covers the Rajasthani dialects and words that REET pairs with this topic, since 6 of the 11 questions tied to this topic in REET 2024 were actually about Rajasthani language.
- 11 questions in REET 2024
- Grade 6–10 grammar level
- 7 min read
How REET tests this topic
REET 2024 asked 11 questions tied to this topic, split into two halves. 5 questions were on word origin — chandra, ashwatth and aachar as tatsam; aadmi as videshi (foreign); and maata as the tadbhav form of maatri. The style was straightforward: give a word and ask its category, or give the tatsam form and ask for the tadbhav. The other 6 questions were on Rajasthani language — which dialect is/isn't Rajasthani (Maithili is not; Dhundhari and Hadoti are), which dialect is mainly spoken outside Rajasthan (Malvi), and the meanings of Rajasthani words (unalo = the hot season, sogra = bajra roti).
Word classification by origin: four groups
Hindi's vocabulary has been built from many sources, so words are classified by origin (history) into four groups. (1) Tatsam — literally "same as that (Sanskrit)"; Sanskrit words used in Hindi without any change, such as agni, surya, chandra, aachar, ashwatth. (2) Tadbhav — literally "born from that (Sanskrit)"; Sanskrit words that changed form as they passed through Pali, Prakrit and Apabhramsha before entering Hindi, such as aag, sooraj, chaand.
(3) Deshaj — literally "born in the region"; words whose source is neither Sanskrit nor any foreign language, but everyday local usage and dialects, such as lota, pagdi, khidki, jhadu, dibiya, thetha, tendua. (4) Videshaj (foreign/borrowed) — words that came in from other countries' languages, such as aadmi, kitab, school, chai. Words formed by combining two different sources are called hybrid (sankar) words, such as railgadi (English "rail" + Hindi "gadi") and ticket-ghar.
Keep in mind that words are also classified on other bases — by formation into rudh, yaugik and yogrudh; by usage/inflection into variable and invariable; and by meaning into words with one meaning, multiple meanings, synonyms and antonyms. In REET, phrases like "by origin", "by derivation" or "by history" all point to these same four categories.
Rules for identifying tatsam and tadbhav
| Form found in tatsam | Changes to, in tadbhav | Example (tatsam → tadbhav) |
|---|---|---|
| rri | ri/u/a | matri → mata/maan, bhratri → bhai |
| sh (retroflex) | s or kh | varsha → barkha, sheersh → sees |
| ksh | kh or chh | kshetra → khet, akshi → aankh, pakshi → panchhi |
| shr / sh | s | shravan → saavan, shat → sau |
| conjunct consonants | a single consonant, with the preceding vowel lengthened | hast → haath, sapt → saat, dugdh → doodh |
| v | b | vadhu → bahu, vachan → bachan |
| m/n (with an anusvar) | chandrabindu (ँ) | gram → gaanv, dant → daant, kantak → kaanta |
| conjuncts with a repha (rn, rm, ry) | the repha drops, giving a simpler form | karn → kaan, karma → kaam, karya → kaaj |
These are cues, not proof — the final call always comes from the word's actual Sanskrit root. That's why memorising the common examples is the safest approach.
Tatsam–tadbhav pairs that come up again and again
| Tatsam | Tadbhav | Tatsam | Tadbhav |
|---|---|---|---|
| agni | aag | ashru | aansu |
| chandra | chaand | surya | sooraj |
| hast | haath | karn | kaan |
| dugdh | doodh | dadhi | dahi |
| ghrit | ghee | gram | gaanv |
| kshetra | khet | karma | kaam |
| mayur | mor | ushtra | oont |
| sarp | saanp | raatri | raat |
| aamra | aam | mukh | munh |
| sapt | saat | shat | sau |
| pippal | peepal | shravan | saavan |
| dant | daant | oshth | honth |
| matri | mata / maan | bhratri | bhai |
| vadhu | bahu | akshi | aankh |
| uchch | oonchaa | karya | kaaj |
Videshaj (borrowed) words by source language
| Source language | Examples |
|---|---|
| Arabic | adalat, kitab, kanoon, kalam, inaam, aulaad |
| Persian | dukaan, gulaab, chashma, darwaza, zameen |
| Arabic-Persian (via Urdu) | aadmi, hawa, duniya |
| Turkish | top, chaaku, kainchi, bahadur, kuli, begum |
| English | school, station, doctor, ticket, rail |
| Portuguese | kamra, almari, chaabi, taulia, baalti, padri |
| French | kartoos, coupon |
| Japanese / Chinese | rickshaw / chai, litchi |
Foreign words that enter Hindi generally take on Hindi's own grammatical rules — for instance, the plural of kitab is kitabein.
Major dialects of Rajasthani and their regions
| Dialect | Main region |
|---|---|
| Marwari | Jodhpur, Nagaur, Jaisalmer, Pali — the widest in area |
| Mewari | Udaipur, Rajsamand, Chittorgarh, Bhilwara |
| Dhundhari (Jaipuri) | Jaipur, Tonk and surrounding area |
| Hadoti | Kota, Bundi, Baran, Jhalawar |
| Mewati | Alwar, Bharatpur region |
| Shekhawati | Sikar, Churu, Jhunjhunu |
| Wagdi | Dungarpur, Banswara |
| Malvi | Mainly the Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh; in Rajasthan, limited around Jhalawar-Pratapgarh |
Maithili, Magahi (Bihar), Baghelli, Bundeli, Chhattisgarhi and Bangru (Haryana) are NOT dialects of Rajasthani. Rajasthani words seen in REET 2024: unalo = the hot season, siyalo = the cold season, sogra = bajra roti.
How to teach this in the classroom
Activity (Grades 4–5)
"Word-family" game: write "haath, aag, doodh" on the board and ask children if they've heard their "bigger" forms (hast, agni, dugdh) from a grandparent or in the textbook. Pair them up and put a "word-tree" on the wall.
Activity (Grades 6–8)
Give groups newspaper clippings; have them sort words into four boxes — tatsam, tadbhav, deshaj, foreign — and explain which cue (sh, ksh, rri, or a nukta) they used to identify each.
Teaching material
Four sets of colour-coded word cards, a tatsam-tadbhav matching chart, and a class list of local (Rajasthani) words.
Common misconceptions
Assuming every hard-sounding word is tatsam and every easy one is deshaj; treating everyday words like "aadmi" or "kamra" as native Hindi; regarding tadbhav as "incorrect" or "rustic". Make clear that tadbhav and deshaj words are just as much a part of standard Hindi.
Assessment idea
Give 10 tatsam words and have students write their tadbhav forms; identify the origin of 5 more words with reasons; and write down 5 words from their home dialect along with their standard-Hindi equivalents.
Memory trick / exam tip
Quick cue for spotting tatsam: if a word contains rri, sh, ksh, gya, tra, or a conjunct half-letter, and it sounds "bookish" when spoken — it's probably tatsam. Its everyday spoken form (chandrabindu, kh, s) — tadbhav. A nukta (z, f) or an "-aana/-khaana" sound — usually Arabic-Persian. For Rajasthani-dialect questions, immediately rule out dialects from Bihar, eastern Madhya Pradesh, and Haryana.
Questions asked in REET 2024 (with solutions)
Question 41
Which is NOT considered a 'dialect' of Rajasthani?
- Aमालवी
- Bमैथिली
- Cमेवाती
- Dबागड़ी
Explanation
मैथिली राजस्थानी की बोली नहीं है; यह मुख्यतः बिहार में बोली जाने वाली भाषा है (संविधान की आठवीं अनुसूची में शामिल)। मालवी, मेवाती और बागड़ी राजस्थानी की बोलियाँ मानी जाती हैं। अतः उत्तर (B) है।
Question 48
Among the following, the one considered a dialect of 'Rajasthani' is
- Aबाँगरू
- Bबघेली
- Cमगही
- Dढूँढाड़ी
Explanation
ढूँढाड़ी (जयपुरी) राजस्थानी की प्रमुख बोली है, जो जयपुर और आसपास के क्षेत्र में बोली जाती है। बाँगरू हरियाणा की, बघेली मध्य प्रदेश (पूर्वी हिन्दी वर्ग) की और मगही बिहार की बोली है।
Question 84
The appropriate Rajasthani word used to mean 'गर्मी का मौसम' (summer season) is -
- Aउनाळौ
- Bसियाळो
- Cअगुणो
- Dबड़णो
Explanation
राजस्थानी में गर्मी के मौसम को ‘उनाळौ’ कहा जाता है। ‘सियाळो’ सर्दी के मौसम के लिए प्रयुक्त शब्द है, इसलिए वह गलत है। अतः सही उत्तर (A) है।
Question 86
Which dialect of Rajasthani is mainly spoken outside Rajasthan?
- Aमारवाड़ी
- Bढूँढाड़ी
- Cमेवाड़ी
- Dमालवी
Explanation
मालवी बोली राजस्थानी की बोली मानी जाती है, पर यह मुख्यतः राजस्थान के बाहर मध्य प्रदेश के मालवा क्षेत्र (जैसे इंदौर, उज्जैन) में बोली जाती है; राजस्थान में इसका क्षेत्र झालावाड़-प्रतापगढ़ के आसपास सीमित है। मारवाड़ी, ढूँढाड़ी और मेवाड़ी मुख्यतः राजस्थान के भीतर बोली जाती हैं।
Question 35
Based on origin, the word 'चन्द्र' (moon) is –
- Aतत्सम
- Bदेशज
- Cविदेशी
- Dतद्भव
Explanation
संस्कृत के जो शब्द हिन्दी में बिना परिवर्तन के ज्यों-के-त्यों प्रयुक्त होते हैं, वे तत्सम कहलाते हैं। ‘चन्द्र’ संस्कृत का मूल शब्द है, अतः तत्सम है। इसका तद्भव रूप ‘चाँद’ है।
Question 55
The Hindi form of the Rajasthani word 'सोगरा' is –
- Aमक्के की रोटी
- Bबाजरे की रोटी
- Cगेहूँ की रोटी
- Dचावल की रोटी
Explanation
राजस्थानी में ‘सोगरा’ बाजरे की मोटी रोटी को कहते हैं, जो राजस्थान का पारंपरिक भोजन है।
Question 79
The Tadbhav form of 'मातृ' is-
- Aमात्र
- Bमंत्र
- Cमाथा
- Dमाता
Explanation
संस्कृत का मूल शब्द ‘मातृ’ है, जिससे हिन्दी में प्रचलित रूप ‘माता’ बना है; दिए गए विकल्पों में यही इसका रूपांतरित (तद्भव) रूप है। ‘मात्र’, ‘मंत्र’ और ‘माथा’ का ‘मातृ’ से कोई संबंध नहीं है।
Question 81
The word 'अश्वत्थ' is-
- Aतत्सम
- Bतद्भव
- Cदेशज
- Dविदेशी
Explanation
‘अश्वत्थ’ (पीपल का वृक्ष) संस्कृत का शब्द है जो हिन्दी में ज्यों-का-त्यों प्रयुक्त होता है, इसलिए यह तत्सम है। इसका तद्भव/प्रचलित रूप ‘पीपल’ है।
Question 34
The word 'आदमी' is a
- Aतद्भव
- Bविदेशी
- Cतत्सम
- Dदेशज
Explanation
‘आदमी’ शब्द अरबी-फ़ारसी मूल का है (आदम से बना), जो हिन्दी में ज्यों-का-त्यों प्रयुक्त होता है। दूसरी भाषाओं से आए ऐसे शब्द ‘विदेशी’ (आगत) शब्द कहलाते हैं। अतः सही उत्तर विदेशी है।
Question 43
Among the following, included among Rajasthani dialects is
- Aछत्तीसगढ़ी
- Bबुन्देली
- Cमगही
- Dहाड़ौती
Explanation
हाड़ौती राजस्थानी की एक प्रमुख बोली है, जो कोटा, बूँदी, बाराँ, झालावाड़ (हाड़ौती क्षेत्र) में बोली जाती है। छत्तीसगढ़ी और बुन्देली पूर्वी/पश्चिमी हिन्दी की बोलियाँ हैं तथा मगही बिहारी हिन्दी की बोली है।
Question 89
The word 'आचार' is a
- Aतत्सम
- Bतद्भव
- Cदेशज
- Dविदेशी
Explanation
‘आचार’ संस्कृत का शब्द है (आ + चर् धातु) जो हिन्दी में बिना बदले प्रयुक्त होता है, इसलिए यह तत्सम है। इसी से बना ‘अचार’ जैसा शब्द भिन्न अर्थ का है।
Practice questions
Question 1
The Tadbhav form of 'दुग्ध' is —
- Aदही
- Bदूध
- Cघी
- Dमक्खन
Explanation
Sanskrit's "dugdh" changed to become Hindi's "doodh". The tatsam of "dahi" is "dadhi", and the tatsam of "ghee" is "ghrit".
Question 2
Which of the following is a Tatsam word?
- Aखेत
- Bआँख
- Cक्षेत्र
- Dसावन
Explanation
"Kshetra" is used exactly as it appears in Sanskrit; its tadbhav form is "khet". "Aankh" (from akshi) and "saavan" (from shravan) are both tadbhav.
Question 3
The Tatsam form of 'ऊँट' is —
- Aउच्च
- Bउष्ण
- Cऊष्मा
- Dउष्ट्र
Explanation
"Oont" is a tadbhav word formed from the Sanskrit "ushtra". "Ushna" means hot, and the tadbhav of "uchch" is "oonchaa".
Question 4
The words 'अलमारी' and 'चाबी' entered Hindi from which language?
- Aअरबी
- Bपुर्तगाली
- Cतुर्की
- Dफ़्रांसीसी
Explanation
Words like almari, chaabi, kamra, taulia and baalti all entered Hindi from Portuguese.
Question 5
Which of the following is a Deshaj (indigenous/colloquial) word?
- Aलोटा
- Bपुस्तक
- Cकिताब
- Dकलम
Explanation
"Lota" is a deshaj word formed from everyday local usage. "Pustak" is tatsam, while "kitab" and "kalam" are foreign words of Arabic origin.
Question 6
What type of word is 'रेलगाड़ी'?
- Aसंकर
- Bदेशज
- Cतत्सम
- Dतद्भव
Explanation
"Railgadi" combines the English "rail" with the Hindi "gadi"; a word formed by combining two different sources is called a hybrid (sankar) word.
Question 7
Which pair is NOT correct?
- Aकर्ण – कान
- Bसप्त – सात
- Cमयूर – मोर
- Dवधू – बेटी
Explanation
The tadbhav of "vadhu" is "bahu", not "beti". The other three tatsam-tadbhav pairs are all correct.
Question 8
Which of the following is a dialect of Rajasthani?
- Aबुंदेली
- Bमगही
- Cवागड़ी
- Dछत्तीसगढ़ी
Explanation
Wagdi is a Rajasthani dialect of the Dungarpur-Banswara region. Bundeli and Chhattisgarhi are other Hindi dialects, and Magahi is a dialect of Bihar.
Question 9
In Class 7, the teacher wants children to understand the Tatsam-Tadbhav distinction rather than rote-learn it. The most effective activity is —
- Aबच्चों द्वारा बोले जाने वाले तद्भव शब्दों से शुरू करके उनके तत्सम रूप खोजना और बदलाव के पैटर्न पहचानना
- Bपरिभाषा दस बार लिखवाना
- Cकेवल शब्द-सूची बोलकर लिखवाना
- Dविदेशी शब्दों का प्रयोग प्रतिबंधित करना
Explanation
Starting from tadbhav words children already speak and having them work out the tatsam form and the pattern of change (ksh → kh, conjunct consonants simplifying) is "known to unknown" learning through induction, which is active learning.
Question 10
A child writes — 'मेरी माँ ने सोगरा बनाया।' The appropriate response for the Hindi teacher is —
- Aशब्द को गलत बताकर काट देना
- Bबच्चे की बोली के शब्द को स्वीकारते हुए उसका मानक हिंदी अर्थ (बाजरे की रोटी) कक्षा में साझा करना
- Cबच्चे को राजस्थानी शब्द बोलने से मना करना
- Dवाक्य को बिना किसी चर्चा के छोड़ देना
Explanation
Accepting the child's dialect word and sharing its standard-Hindi meaning (bajra roti) in class treats multilingualism as a resource. Crossing the word out or forbidding it would only knock the child's confidence.
Frequently asked questions
What's the difference between tatsam and tadbhav words?+
Tatsam words are used in Hindi exactly as they appear in Sanskrit (agni, hast), while tadbhav words descend from Sanskrit but arrive in a changed form (aag, haath).
Is 'aadmi' a tatsam or a foreign word?+
'Aadmi' is a foreign (videshaj) word of Arabic-Persian origin, derived from 'aadam'. This exact question came up in REET 2024.
What are deshaj words? Give examples.+
Words whose source is neither Sanskrit nor any foreign language, but everyday local usage and dialects, are deshaj — for example lota, pagdi, khidki, jhadu, dibiya.
Which Rajasthani dialect is mainly spoken outside Rajasthan?+
Malvi — it's mainly spoken in the Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh, while within Rajasthan it's limited to around Jhalawar-Pratapgarh.
How many REET questions come from word classification?+
The number varies by shift. REET 2024 asked 11 questions tied to this topic — 5 on word origin and 6 on Rajasthani dialects and words.
Read next
Varn Vichar and Pronunciation
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Sandhi
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Rajasthan GK
Notes on Rajasthani language, dialects and culture
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REET 2024 Solved Paper
All-shift questions with the official answer key and explanations
Official Sources
Change Log
- 17 September 2026 — English page published — mirrors the fact-checked Hindi page, independently bilingual-accuracy checked