Hindi Teaching-Learning Material: Audio-Visual Aids, the Language Laboratory, Programmed Instruction and Textbooks — REET Notes
This page covers the classification of teaching-learning material used in Hindi teaching, the language laboratory, projected aids like the epidiascope, programmed and individualised instruction, and the features of a good textbook — all exam-ready. REET 2024 asked 10 questions on this topic, nearly all of them straight facts or merit/limitation questions, which makes this a fast, reliable scoring topic.
- 10 questions in REET 2024
- Teacher-training level
- 7 min read
How REET tests this topic
Of REET 2024's 10 questions, the heaviest emphasis fell on the language laboratory — three questions: what it lacks (collective/group activities), which resource coordinates individual and group teaching (the language laboratory), and a correct statement (a setup for 4×4 = 16 students). The rest covered: how many categories material falls into by sense organ (three), the most effective type of material (audio-visual), whose principle "self-pacing" belongs to (all three of the systems listed), a feature of the epidiascope (no sound needed), who built the 'किंडरगार्टन बॉक्स' ("kindergarten box") in India (Pandit Devidutt, per the official key), what is NOT a merit of audio-visual aids, and a drawback of the textbook. The level is factual, but the negatively framed "is NOT a merit/is a drawback" questions need care.
Why teaching material matters
Teaching-Learning Material (TLM) is anything that makes the teacher's words concrete and engaging through the senses. In language teaching, its job is to: grab attention, connect words and meaning to pictures or sound, model correct pronunciation, and turn abstract grammar into something concrete. It's the most direct way of putting the 'मूर्त से अमूर्त की ओर' ("concrete to abstract") maxim into practice in the classroom.
Merits of audio-visual aids: learning becomes more lasting, the range of experience widens (something that can't be brought into the classroom can still be shown through a picture or video), teaching becomes more effective and engaging, and even slower learners find it easier to follow. Limits: some material costs money and time to build and maintain, using it is hard without electricity or equipment, and overuse can turn material from an aid into mere entertainment. Material should always serve the teaching objective, never become an end in itself.
Three categories of teaching material, by sense organ
| Type | Sense organ | Examples | Use in Hindi teaching |
|---|---|---|---|
| Audio material | Ear | Radio, audio recordings, tape recorder, gramophone | Model pronunciation, poetry recitation, listening to stories |
| Visual material | Eye | Blackboard, chart, picture, map, flash card, flannel (khadi) board, model, slide, epidiascope | Letter recognition, word-picture matching, grammar tables |
| Audio-visual material | Eye and ear both | Television, film, video, computer/multimedia | Drama, dialogue, the visual telling of a story; most effective because it uses two senses |
Material is also classified as projected (प्रक्षेपी: slide, epidiascope, overhead projector, film) or non-projected (अप्रक्षेपी: chart, model, blackboard).
Important tools: one line each
- Epidiascope (एपिडायस्कोप, picture-magnifying device)
- A projected visual aid that enlarges both opaque material (book pages, pictures) and transparent material (slides) onto a screen; needs no sound
- Flannel / khadi board (फलालैन/खादी बोर्ड)
- A board covered in rough cloth on which cut-out pictures/word-strips can be stuck and removed — useful for sentence construction
- Flash cards
- Word/picture cards shown briefly — used for word recognition and reading speed
- Edgar Dale's Cone of Experience (अनुभव शंकु)
- Direct purposeful experience sits at the base (most concrete), and verbal symbols sit at the apex (most abstract)
- The kindergarten box (किंडरगार्टन बॉक्स) (in India)
- Per REET 2024's official key, built by Pandit Devidutt; the kindergarten method itself originates with Froebel
- The textbook
- The most accessible and foundational teaching material of all
The language laboratory, programmed instruction, and the self-pacing principle
In a Language Laboratory, each student sits in a separate soundproof booth with a headphone-microphone, and the teacher can address everyone together, or a single student individually, from a control console. The standard setup is usually 4×4 = 16 students. Its features: students aren't disturbed by outside noise, each practises listening and speaking at their own pace, and the teacher can coordinate between individual and group teaching. Its limits: students can't interact with one another, so it lacks group activity and natural conversation; the equipment is also expensive.
In Programmed Instruction, content is broken into small, sequenced steps (frames); the student answers at each step and immediately learns whether the answer was right (instant feedback/reinforcement). Linear programming is associated with B. F. Skinner, and branching programming with Norman Crowder. Its core principles are: small steps, active response, immediate confirmation, self-pacing and self-evaluation.
The principle of self-pacing means a student learns at their own ability and speed. It's a shared feature of programmed instruction, individualised instruction systems, and computer-based instruction — the Dalton plan carries the same spirit too.
A good textbook: merits and drawbacks
| Aspect | Merit (should be present) | Drawback (should not be present) |
|---|---|---|
| Content | Based on children's interests and surroundings, purposeful, varied genres (poetry, story, essay, letter) | Pointlessness, dull content, or content pitched above the grade level |
| Language | Suited to grade level, correct, ordered from simple to difficult | Difficult, incorrect or inconsistent language |
| Exercises | A variety covering comprehension, language skills and creativity | Only rote-memory questions |
| Physical form | Clear printing, suitable pictures, a good cover, durability | Blurred printing, absence of pictures |
| Values | Nurtures national unity, equality and humane values | Content carrying prejudice or discrimination |
Using this in the classroom
| Material | Grade | How to use it |
|---|---|---|
| Letter-picture chart and flash cards | Grades 1–2 | A picture of a pigeon alongside the letter 'क' (k); flash cards to get children to call out the letter and word |
| Khadi board and word strips | Grades 2–4 | Join strips reading 'राम' (Ram), 'आम' (aam), 'खाता है' (khata hai) to build a sentence; reorder them to show how word order changes meaning |
| Audio recordings | Grades 3–8 | Play a poet's own voice or a model reading, have children do imitative reading; record their own voice and compare |
| Video/multimedia | Grades 5–8 | Show a short film tied to the lesson, then have children write dialogue or describe the scene |
| Self-made, low-cost material | All grades | Old calendars, newspaper cuttings, a word-wheel from boxes — involve the children in building it too |
| Textbook | All grades | Use the textbook as a base, but don't stop there — add children's magazines and library books |
Memory trick / exam tip
For language-laboratory questions, remember 'अकेले केबिन, एक कंसोल, 16 छात्र' ("separate booths, one console, 16 students"): separate booths = no group activity/interaction; one console = the teacher can instruct anyone at all; 16 = 4×4. And when asked what is NOT a merit, the option about cost in money and time is usually the answer.
Questions asked in REET 2024 (with solutions)
Question 89
In language laboratory teaching, there is a lack of -
- Aतकनीकी का
- Bसामूहिक क्रियाओं का
- Cविषय-वस्तु का
- Dसंचार-साधनों का
Explanation
भाषा प्रयोगशाला में प्रत्येक विद्यार्थी हेडफ़ोन आदि उपकरणों के साथ अलग-अलग बैठकर व्यक्तिगत अभ्यास करता है। इसमें तकनीक और संचार-साधन भरपूर होते हैं, पर सामूहिक क्रियाओं और आपसी संवाद का अभाव रहता है। अतः उत्तर (B) है।
Question 50
A successful effort to coordinate individual teaching and group teaching, and to increase children's activity in language learning is –
- Aभाषा प्रयोगशाला
- Bकम्प्यूटर द्वारा अनुदेशन
- Cअभिक्रमित अनुदेशन
- Dडाल्टन प्रणाली
Explanation
भाषा प्रयोगशाला में प्रत्येक छात्र अलग-अलग (व्यष्टि रूप में) सुनकर-बोलकर अभ्यास कर सकता है और शिक्षक पूरे समूह को एक साथ निर्देश भी दे सकता है। इस प्रकार यह व्यष्टि और सामूहिक शिक्षण में समन्वय करती है तथा बच्चों की क्रियाशीलता बढ़ाती है। अभिक्रमित अनुदेशन और डाल्टन प्रणाली मुख्यतः व्यक्तिगत अध्ययन पर केंद्रित हैं।
Question 56
Based on the use of the senses, into how many broad parts can audio-visual material be divided?
- Aएक
- Bदो
- Cतीन
- Dचार
Explanation
इंद्रियों के प्रयोग के आधार पर शिक्षण सामग्री को मोटे तौर पर तीन भागों में बाँटा जाता है — श्रव्य सामग्री (कान), दृश्य सामग्री (आँख) और श्रव्य-दृश्य सामग्री (कान और आँख दोनों)।
Question 75
Which audio-visual (उद्योतन) material will prove more effective in teaching?
- Aश्रव्य सामग्री
- Bदृश्य सामग्री
- Cदृश्य-श्रव्य सामग्री
- Dफ्लैश कार्ड
Explanation
दृश्य-श्रव्य सामग्री में आँख और कान दोनों इंद्रियों का एक साथ प्रयोग होता है, इसलिए यह केवल श्रव्य या केवल दृश्य सामग्री की तुलना में अधिक प्रभावी होती है। फ्लैश कार्ड केवल एक प्रकार की दृश्य सामग्री है।
Question 44
The appropriate statement regarding a 'language laboratory' is
- Aसभी छात्र एक दूसरे से संपर्क कर सकते हैं ।
- Bसभी छात्र बाहरी वातावरण से प्रभावित रहते हैं ।
- C4×4=16 छात्रों के बैठने व सीखने की व्यवस्था रहती है ।
- Dशिक्षक अपनी सीट से किसी भी छात्र को निर्देश नहीं दे सकता हैं ।
Explanation
भाषा प्रयोगशाला में छात्र अलग-अलग ध्वनि-रोधी केबिन (booth) में हेडफ़ोन के साथ बैठते हैं और आम तौर पर 4×4 = 16 छात्रों के बैठने व सीखने की व्यवस्था मानी जाती है। इसमें छात्र न तो एक-दूसरे से संपर्क कर पाते हैं और न बाहरी वातावरण से प्रभावित होते हैं। शिक्षक अपनी नियंत्रण-मेज़ (console) से किसी भी छात्र को निर्देश दे सकता है, इसलिए (A), (B), (D) गलत हैं।
Question 51
The 'principle of self-pacing' (स्वगति का सिद्धान्त) belongs to
- Aअभिक्रमित अनुदेशन प्रणाली का
- Bवैयक्तिक अनुदेशन प्रणाली का
- Cकम्प्यूटर आधारित अनुदेशन प्रणाली का
- Dउपर्युक्त तीनों प्रणालियों का
Explanation
‘स्वगति का सिद्धांत’ (self-pacing) का अर्थ है कि छात्र अपनी क्षमता और गति के अनुसार सीखता है। यह अभिक्रमित अनुदेशन (programmed instruction), वैयक्तिक अनुदेशन प्रणाली तथा कम्प्यूटर आधारित अनुदेशन— तीनों की मूल विशेषता है। इसलिए ‘उपर्युक्त तीनों’ सही है।
Question 53
A feature of the 'Chitra-Vistarak Yantra (Epidiascope)' [picture-enlarging device] is
- Aइसमें ध्वनि की आवश्यकता नहीं होती है ।
- Bयह खादी बोर्ड का ही एक रूप है ।
- Cइसमें शिक्षक स्वयं रेखाचित्र एवं डायग्राम खींच सकता है ।
- Dयह भाषा प्रयोगशाला का ही एक रूप है ।
Explanation
एपिडायस्कोप (चित्र-विस्तारक यंत्र) एक प्रक्षेपी (projected) दृश्य साधन है, जो चित्रों, पुस्तक के पृष्ठों और पारदर्शी स्लाइडों को बड़ा करके पर्दे पर दिखाता है। यह केवल दृश्य साधन है, इसलिए इसमें ध्वनि की आवश्यकता नहीं होती। यह न खादी बोर्ड का रूप है, न भाषा प्रयोगशाला का।
Question 60
In India, the 'Kindergarten Box' was constructed by
- Aभोलानाथ तिवारी ने
- Bएस. के. देशपांडे ने
- Cमहात्मा गांधी ने
- Dपंडित देवीदत्त ने
Explanation
बोर्ड की अंतिम कुंजी के अनुसार भारत में ‘किंडर गार्टन बॉक्स’ का निर्माण पंडित देवीदत्त ने किया। किंडरगार्टन पद्धति फ्रोबेल की देन है, जिसमें बच्चों को खेल-सामग्री के माध्यम से सिखाया जाता है। अतः उत्तर (D) है।
Question 61
Which is NOT a merit of audio-visual aids?
- Aइनके प्रयोग से सीखना स्थायी हो जाता है ।
- Bइनके निर्माण में धन व समय खर्च होता है ।
- Cइनके प्रयोग से अनुभव की सीमा का विस्तार होता है ।
- Dइनके उपयोग से शिक्षण में प्रभाविता आ जाती है ।
Explanation
प्रश्न ‘गुण नहीं है’ पूछ रहा है। दृश्य-श्रव्य साधनों से सीखना स्थायी होता है, अनुभव की सीमा बढ़ती है और शिक्षण प्रभावी बनता है— ये सब गुण हैं। ‘इनके निर्माण में धन व समय खर्च होता है’ एक सीमा (दोष) है, गुण नहीं; अतः (B) सही है।
Question 71
Regarding textbooks, the following is called a defect
- Aरुचि के विषयों पर आधारित होना
- Bनिर्धारित उद्देश्य को पूर्ण करने की प्रेरणा विद्यमान होना ।
- Cभाषा का स्तरानुकूल होना ।
- Dउसमें प्रयोजनहीनता का होना ।
Explanation
अच्छी पाठ्यपुस्तक रुचि पर आधारित, उद्देश्यपूर्ण और छात्रों के स्तर के अनुकूल भाषा वाली होती है— ये गुण हैं। पाठ्यपुस्तक में प्रयोजनहीनता (कोई स्पष्ट उद्देश्य न होना) उसका दोष है।
Practice questions
Question 1
What type of teaching aid is television?
- Aदृश्य-श्रव्य
- Bदृश्य
- Cश्रव्य
- Dअप्रक्षेपी दृश्य
Explanation
Television lets you both see pictures and hear sound, so it uses both the eye and the ear — making it audio-visual material.
Question 2
Which of the following is an audio aid?
- Aचार्ट
- Bरेडियो
- Cमॉडल
- Dफ्लैश कार्ड
Explanation
A radio uses only the sense of hearing (the ear), so it's an audio aid. A chart, a model and flash cards are all visual aids.
Question 3
At the base (bottom) of Edgar Dale's 'Cone of Experience', which experience is placed?
- Aमौखिक प्रतीक
- Bदृश्य प्रतीक
- Cप्रत्यक्ष उद्देश्यपूर्ण अनुभव
- Dचलचित्र
Explanation
In the Cone of Experience, the most concrete experience — direct purposeful experience — sits at the base, and the most abstract, verbal symbols, sit at the apex.
Question 4
Which is NOT a feature of programmed instruction?
- Aविषयवस्तु छोटे-छोटे पदों में
- Bछात्र की सक्रिय अनुक्रिया
- Cसभी छात्रों का एक ही गति से आगे बढ़ना अनिवार्य
- Dउत्तर की तत्काल पुष्टि
Explanation
Programmed instruction is built on the self-pacing principle, so every student moves ahead at their own speed. Requiring everyone to move at the same pace is not one of its features.
Question 5
'Linear Programming' is associated with —
- Aबी. एफ. स्किनर
- Bनॉर्मन क्राउडर
- Cएडगर डेल
- Dहेलेन पार्कहर्स्ट
Explanation
Linear programming is associated with B. F. Skinner, while branching programming is associated with Norman Crowder. Edgar Dale is linked to the Cone of Experience and Parkhurst to the Dalton plan.
Question 6
The inconsistent (incorrect) statement regarding a language laboratory is —
- Aछात्र अलग-अलग केबिन में हेडफ़ोन के साथ बैठते हैं
- Bशिक्षक नियंत्रण-मेज़ से किसी भी छात्र को निर्देश दे सकता है
- Cछात्र अपनी गति से सुनने-बोलने का अभ्यास कर सकते हैं
- Dइसमें छात्रों के बीच स्वाभाविक सामूहिक संवाद भरपूर होता है
Explanation
In a language laboratory, students sit in separate booths, so natural group conversation is exactly what's missing. The other three statements are all genuine features of it.
Question 7
The suitable device for showing an enlarged image of a picture page from a book to the whole class without making a slide is —
- Aटेप-रिकॉर्डर
- Bएपिडायस्कोप
- Cफ्लैश कार्ड
- Dरेडियो
Explanation
The epidiascope can also enlarge opaque material, such as a book page or picture, onto a screen without needing a slide to be made.
Question 8
To teach sentence construction in Class 2, the teacher wants children to form sentences by arranging word-strips. The most suitable device is —
- Aरेडियो
- Bखादी (फलालैन) बोर्ड
- Cएपिडायस्कोप
- Dमानचित्र
Explanation
Word strips can easily be stuck onto and removed from a khadi board, which lets children rearrange the word order to build a sentence.
Question 9
A government school has no electricity or projector. The most practical decision for the Hindi teacher is —
- Aबच्चों के साथ मिलकर चार्ट, चित्र-कार्ड और शब्द-पहिया जैसी कम लागत सामग्री बनाना
- Bशिक्षण सामग्री का प्रयोग बिलकुल छोड़ देना
- Cकेवल पाठ्यपुस्तक का शब्दशः वाचन
- Dउपकरण आने तक पाठ स्थगित करना
Explanation
Locally made, low-cost material is useful in every situation, and involving children in building it also deepens their own learning.
Question 10
The correct statement regarding the use of teaching material is —
- Aसामग्री जितनी अधिक हो, शिक्षण उतना अच्छा
- Bपाठ्यपुस्तक शिक्षण सामग्री नहीं है
- Cसामग्री केवल कमज़ोर छात्रों के लिए होती है
- Dसामग्री शिक्षण-उद्देश्य की पूर्ति का साधन है, स्वयं साध्य नहीं
Explanation
Material should be chosen and used to serve the teaching objective; overuse distracts rather than helps. The textbook is itself teaching material, and material benefits all students, not just weaker ones.
Frequently asked questions
How many types of teaching material are there by sense organ?+
Three — audio (ear), visual (eye), and audio-visual (both eye and ear). Audio-visual material is considered the most effective because it engages two senses at once.
What is the biggest limit of the language laboratory?+
Because students sit in separate booths, it lacks interaction and group activity. The expense of the equipment is another limitation.
What is an epidiascope?+
The epidiascope is a projected visual aid that enlarges book pages, pictures and slides onto a screen. It carries no sound.
How many REET questions come from teaching material?+
The number varies by shift. REET 2024 asked 10 questions on this topic, three of which were on the language laboratory alone.
Read next
Official Sources
Change Log
- 17 September 2026 — English page published — mirrors the fact-checked Hindi page, independently bilingual-accuracy checked