Sangya (Nouns): Definition, Types, Forming Abstract Nouns — REET Hindi Grammar
This page covers the definition of sangya (noun), its five types, the rules for forming abstract nouns, and how one type can shift into another, all with examples. REET 2024 carried 5 sangya questions, testing both parts-of-speech identification and noun-type identification.
- 5 questions in REET 2024
- Class 1–8 level
- 7 min read
How REET asks this topic
REET 2024 carried 5 sangya questions of two kinds: (1) identifying parts of speech — whether 'कृपा', 'प्रकृति', 'सैंधव' are nouns or a pronoun/adjective/verb/indeclinable; (2) identifying the type of noun — 'कृषक' is a common noun, while अभिमान, दुःख, उदारता are abstract nouns; and in the sentence 'भाषा संस्कृति का अंग है', the official key treated 'भाषा' as a common noun. Several questions were built from words in a passage, so it pays to practise deciding from how a word is actually used in a sentence.
What is sangya?
The name of any person, creature, thing, place, quality or state is called sangya (a noun) — for example, मीरा, गाय, पुस्तक, जयपुर, प्रेम, बचपन. A noun is a विकारी (inflected) word, meaning its form changes with gender, number and case: लड़का → लड़की (gender), लड़का → लड़के (number), लड़का → लड़के ने (case).
Hindi words are traditionally grouped into eight parts of speech — sangya (noun), sarvanam (pronoun), visheshan (adjective), kriya (verb, an inflected word), and kriyavisheshan, sambandhbodhak, samuchchaybodhak, vismayadibodhak (indeclinables, अव्यय). When a question asks 'which part of speech is this word', ask yourself first: is it the name of a thing or a feeling? 'कृपा', 'प्रकृति', 'सैंधव' are all names of something, so all three are nouns.
Remember that a word's part of speech is decided by how it's used in the sentence, not by the word alone. 'मीठा' is usually an adjective (मीठा आम), but in 'मुझे मीठा पसंद है' it functions as a noun. Similarly, 'सैंधव' can mean rock salt or a native of Sindh — in either sense it's a name, and therefore a noun.
Types of sangya
| Type | Definition | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Proper (व्यक्तिवाचक) | The name of one particular person, place, thing or creature | मीराबाई, जयपुर, चंबल, गीता, अरावली, चेतक |
| Common (जातिवाचक) | Refers to every member of an entire class or category | कृषक, लड़का, नदी, पर्वत, शहर, पुस्तक, भाषा |
| Abstract (भाववाचक) | The name of a quality, state, feeling or action that cannot be touched or seen | कृपा, उदारता, अभिमान, दुःख, बचपन, मिठास, दौड़ |
| Collective (समूहवाचक) | The name of a group of people or things, treated as a single unit | सेना, कक्षा, सभा, भीड़, गुच्छा, दल |
| Material (द्रव्यवाचक) | Substances that are measured or weighed rather than counted | सोना, पानी, दूध, घी, गेहूँ, लोहा |
Traditionally, sangya is said to have three main types — proper, common and abstract; collective and material are also taught as sub-types of common noun. That's why both 'five types' and 'three types' are considered correct answers.
Tests for telling the types apart
Proper vs common: if a word names only one specific thing, it's proper (गंगा); if it applies to any member of that class, it's common (नदी). 'कृषक' applies to every farmer, so it's common. 'भाषा' too covers the whole class of languages — Hindi, Rajasthani, English — and REET 2024's official key treated it as a common noun.
Identifying abstract nouns: anything that can't be touched or seen, only experienced — प्रेम, क्रोध, कृपा, उदारता, थकान. Such words are often formed with suffixes like ता, त्व, पन, पा, आस, आहट, आई. 'दुःख' and 'अभिमान' are abstract nouns even without a suffix, because both name states of mind.
How the type shifts with usage: a proper noun used for a whole class because of some quality becomes a common noun — 'इस गाँव में कई हरिश्चंद्र हैं' (meaning truthful people). A common noun that becomes fixed to one particular individual becomes a proper noun — 'पंडित जी ने बच्चों को गुलाब भेंट किए' (referring to Jawaharlal Nehru), 'गोस्वामी जी ने रामचरितमानस लिखा' (referring to Tulsidas). An abstract noun used in the plural becomes a common noun — 'बुराइयों से बचो' (stay away from vices).
Identifying collective and material nouns: a collective noun names many members as one single unit, so 'सेना आई' is said in the singular even though there are thousands of soldiers. A material noun cannot be counted — we don't say 'दो पानी', we say 'दो गिलास पानी'. That's the simplest exam test: if you can count it, it's common; if it names a group as a unit, it's collective; and if it can only be measured or weighed, it's material.
Forming abstract nouns
| From which word type | Examples |
|---|---|
| From common nouns | बच्चा → बचपन, मित्र → मित्रता, मनुष्य → मनुष्यता, पशु → पशुता, दास → दासता |
| From pronouns | अपना → अपनापन, मम → ममता/ममत्व, निज → निजता, सर्व → सर्वस्व |
| From adjectives | मीठा → मिठास, बूढ़ा → बुढ़ापा, सुंदर → सुंदरता, चतुर → चतुराई, लाल → लालिमा, गर्म → गर्मी |
| From verbs | लिखना → लिखावट, हँसना → हँसी, पढ़ना → पढ़ाई, घबराना → घबराहट, चढ़ना → चढ़ाई |
| From indeclinables | दूर → दूरी, निकट → निकटता, शीघ्र → शीघ्रता, धिक् → धिक्कार |
When forming an abstract noun from an adjective, the first long vowel usually shortens: मीठा → मिठास, बूढ़ा → बुढ़ापा, मोटा → मुटापा.
How to teach children
Activity: name-hunt game (Class 1–3)
Divide the class into four corners — person, animal, thing, place. The teacher calls out a word ('अजमेर', 'बकरी', 'बस्ता'), and children point to the right corner. Introduce the word 'sangya' only afterward — start with the idea of a 'name' first.
For abstract nouns (Class 4–8)
Ask: 'can you touch it, or only feel it?' You can touch a chair (common noun), you can only feel happiness (abstract noun). Have children write down five feelings from their own daily routine.
Teaching materials
Word-sorting cards and a five-pocket chart, one pocket per type. Use local names — your own village, river or fair — so proper nouns connect to children's own surroundings.
Common misconception
Children assume anything large or famous — like 'पर्वत' or 'समुद्र' — must be a proper noun. Fix: use the test 'is this one thing, or many things?'; अरावली is one (proper), पर्वत covers many (common).
Assessment idea
Give a textbook passage and have students pick out nouns and label each type, then form abstract nouns from 5 adjectives or verbs.
Memory trick / exam tip
'One — all — feel': the name of one particular thing = proper noun; the name of a whole class = common noun; something you can only feel = abstract noun. If a word ends in 'ता, त्व, पन, पा, आस, आहट', think abstract first — but watch out for agentive words ending in 'अक' like 'कृषक', which are common nouns, not abstract.
Questions asked in REET 2024 (solved)
Question 55
Among the following, the common noun (जातिवाचक संज्ञा) is
- Aअभिमान
- Bदु:ख
- Cकृषक
- Dउदारता
Explanation
जातिवाचक संज्ञा किसी पूरी जाति या वर्ग के प्राणियों/वस्तुओं का बोध कराती है। ‘कृषक’ (किसान) सभी किसानों के वर्ग का बोध कराता है, इसलिए यह जातिवाचक संज्ञा है। ‘अभिमान’, ‘दु:ख’ और ‘उदारता’ भाववाचक संज्ञाएँ हैं।
Question 77
The word 'सैंधव' (saindhav) is among the following -
- Aक्रिया
- Bसंज्ञा
- Cसर्वनाम
- Dअव्यय
Explanation
दिए गए विकल्पों में ‘सैंधव’ शब्द संज्ञा है। ‘सैंधव’ का अर्थ सिंधु (सिन्ध) प्रदेश से संबंधित/वहाँ का निवासी तथा सेंधा नमक भी होता है। यह न कोई कार्य बताता है (क्रिया), न संज्ञा के स्थान पर आता है (सर्वनाम), न अविकारी शब्द (अव्यय) है, इसलिए विकल्पों में संज्ञा ही उपयुक्त है।
Question 38
The word 'कृपा' (grace/favour) is –
- Aसंज्ञा
- Bसर्वनाम
- Cविशेषण
- Dअव्यय
Explanation
‘कृपा’ एक भाव का नाम है, इसलिए यह भाववाचक संज्ञा है। गद्यांश में ‘प्रकृति की विशेष कृपा’ में ‘विशेष’ विशेषण है और ‘कृपा’ विशेष्य (संज्ञा) है।
Question 36
Grammatically, the word 'प्रकृति' (nature) is
- Aसर्वनाम
- Bविशेषण
- Cसंज्ञा
- Dक्रिया
Explanation
‘प्रकृति’ किसी वस्तु/सत्ता का नाम है, इसलिए यह संज्ञा है। यह न किसी संज्ञा की विशेषता बताता है (विशेषण), न संज्ञा के स्थान पर आता है (सर्वनाम) और न कोई कार्य बताता है (क्रिया)।
Question 81
In the line 'भाषा संस्कृति का अंग है' (Language is a part of culture), the word 'भाषा' is a
- Aक्रियावाचक संज्ञा
- Bभाववाचक संज्ञा
- Cव्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा
- Dजातिवाचक संज्ञा
Explanation
आधिकारिक कुंजी के अनुसार ‘भाषा’ जातिवाचक संज्ञा है। ‘भाषा’ किसी एक विशेष भाषा का नाम नहीं, बल्कि हिन्दी, अंग्रेज़ी, संस्कृत आदि सभी भाषाओं की पूरी जाति/वर्ग का बोध कराता है, इसलिए यह जातिवाचक है; ‘हिन्दी’ जैसे नाम व्यक्तिवाचक होते।
Practice questions
Question 1
Which of the following is an abstract noun (bhavvachak sangya)?
- Aलेखक
- Bपुस्तकालय
- Cथकान
- Dपर्वत
Explanation
'थकान' names a bodily state that can only be experienced, so it's an abstract noun. लेखक, पुस्तकालय and पर्वत are common nouns.
Question 2
The abstract noun formed from the word 'बूढ़ा' is —
- Aबूढ़ापन
- Bबुढ़ापा
- Cबुढ़िया
- Dबूढ़ी
Explanation
बूढ़ा → बुढ़ापा (suffix 'पा', with the long 'ऊ' shortening to 'उ'). 'बुढ़िया' is the feminine form, not an abstract noun.
Question 3
In the sentence 'मेरी कक्षा में दो-दो एकलव्य हैं।', 'एकलव्य' is —
- Aव्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा
- Bव्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा का जातिवाचक रूप में प्रयोग
- Cभाववाचक संज्ञा
- Dसमूहवाचक संज्ञा
Explanation
Here 'एकलव्य' isn't naming one particular person — it stands for the whole class of dedicated, hard-working students, so a proper noun is being used as a common noun.
Question 4
An example of a material noun (dravyavachak sangya) is —
- Aझुंड
- Bचाँदी
- Cमित्रता
- Dउदयपुर
Explanation
'चाँदी' is a substance that's weighed, not counted. झुंड is collective, मित्रता is abstract, and उदयपुर is proper.
Question 5
The abstract noun formed from the pronoun 'अपना' will be —
- Aअपनाना
- Bअपनाया
- Cअपनापन
- Dअपनों
Explanation
अपना + पन = अपनापन. 'अपनाना' and 'अपनाया' are verb forms, and 'अपनों' is the plural form of the pronoun.
Question 6
In which sentence is the underlined word 'मीठा' used as a noun?
- Aमीठा आम लाओ।
- Bवह मीठा बोलता है।
- Cमुझे मीठा बहुत पसंद है।
- Dयह फल मीठा है।
Explanation
In 'मुझे मीठा पसंद है', 'मीठा' functions as the name of a sweet thing, so it's used as a noun. In the other sentences it's used as an adjective.
Question 7
The abstract noun formed from the indeclinable (avyay) 'शीघ्र' is —
- Aशीघ्रता
- Bशीघ्रतम
- Cशीघ्रपन
- Dशीघ्रतर
Explanation
शीघ्र + ता = शीघ्रता. 'शीघ्रतर' and 'शीघ्रतम' are comparative and superlative forms, not abstract nouns.
Question 8
'पंडित जी ने बच्चों से बहुत प्रेम किया।' (Pandit ji = Jawaharlal Nehru) — here 'पंडित जी' is —
- Aजातिवाचक संज्ञा का व्यक्तिवाचक रूप में प्रयोग
- Bभाववाचक संज्ञा
- Cसमूहवाचक संज्ञा
- Dसर्वनाम
Explanation
'पंडित' is generally a common noun, but here it has become fixed to refer to one particular person, so it's being used as a proper noun.
Question 9
Class 3 children are unable to understand abstract nouns. The most suitable teaching technique is —
- Aपरिभाषा को पाँच बार लिखवाना
- B'छू सकते हैं या केवल महसूस करते हैं' जैसे अनुभव-आधारित प्रश्नों से वस्तुओं और भावों की तुलना कराना
- Cभाववाचक संज्ञाओं की लंबी सूची रटवाना
- Dइसे कक्षा 8 तक टाल देना
Explanation
Young children move from concrete experience toward abstract understanding. Comparing 'can you touch it, or only feel it?' makes the meaning of an abstract noun clear on its own, without rote definitions.
Question 10
Which of the following groups consists entirely of common nouns (jativachak sangya)?
- Aनदी, शिक्षक, गाँव
- Bगंगा, शिक्षक, गाँव
- Cनदी, सुंदरता, गाँव
- Dनदी, शिक्षक, जोधपुर
Explanation
नदी, शिक्षक, गाँव are all names of whole classes. The other options mix in गंगा or जोधपुर (proper nouns) or सुंदरता (an abstract noun).
Frequently asked questions
How many sangya questions come in REET?+
REET 2024 carried 5 sangya questions across Hindi Language I and II — covering parts-of-speech identification and the difference between common and abstract nouns.
How many types of sangya are there?+
There are three main types — proper, common and abstract. Adding collective and material gives five types, which is also commonly taught.
What type of sangya is 'कृपा'?+
'कृपा' names a feeling, so it's an abstract noun.
When does a proper noun become a common noun?+
When a person's name comes to be used for a whole class because of their quality — as in 'देश को आज भी भगतसिंहों की ज़रूरत है' (the country still needs Bhagat Singhs).
What type of sangya is 'सेना'?+
'सेना' names a group of soldiers, so it's a collective noun (also taught as a sub-type of common noun).
Read next
Vakya Shuddhi (Sentence Correction)
Previous topic: common errors found in sentences
Sarvanam (Pronouns)
Next topic: words that stand in for a noun
REET Syllabus
The complete official syllabus for Language I and Language II
REET 2024 Solved Paper
Questions from every shift, with the official answer key and explanations
Official Sources
Change Log
- 17 September 2026 — English page published — mirrors the fact-checked Hindi page, independently bilingual-accuracy checked