Avyay (Indeclinables): Kriyavisheshan, Sambandhbodhak, Samuchchaybodhak, Vismayadibodhak, Nipat — REET
This page covers the definition of avyay (indeclinable words), its five types, the sub-types of kriyavisheshan and samuchchaybodhak, and the trickiest distinction of all — kriyavisheshan versus sambandhbodhak — with examples. REET 2024 carried 5 avyay questions, three of which were on samuchchaybodhak alone.
- 5 questions in REET 2024
- Class 1–8 level
- 7 min read
How REET asks this topic
REET 2024 carried 5 avyay questions, all based on an underlined word in a sentence. Three questions were on samuchchaybodhak — 'यद्यपि…तथापि' (samuchchaybodhak), 'परंतु' (samanadhikaran samuchchaybodhak) and 'और' (samanadhikaran samuchchaybodhak); two were on kriyavisheshan — spotting the sthanvachak (place) kriyavisheshan in 'घर के भीतर जाओ', and identifying 'गतिपूर्वक' as a kriyavisheshan. In short, REET tests not just the main type but the sub-type too (samanadhikaran/vyadhikaran, place/manner).
What is avyay?
Avyay are words whose form never changes because of gender, number, person, case or tense — they are also called अविकारी (uninflected) words. 'अव्यय' literally means 'that which does not decay or change'. For example — 'लड़का धीरे चलता है', 'लड़की धीरे चलती है', 'लड़के धीरे चलते हैं' — the verb changes each time, but 'धीरे' stays exactly the same.
Five types of avyay are taught: (1) kriyavisheshan (adverb), (2) sambandhbodhak (postposition), (3) samuchchaybodhak (conjunction), (4) vismayadibodhak (interjection), and (5) nipat (particle). Some books treat only the first four as avyay and keep nipat separate — answer based on whatever options the question gives.
A three-step method for identifying an underlined avyay: (1) check what it's attached to — if it modifies a verb (telling when, where, how, or how much), it's a kriyavisheshan; (2) if it comes after a noun/pronoun with 'के, की, से' to build a relationship, it's a sambandhbodhak; (3) if it forms a bridge between two words or clauses, it's a samuchchaybodhak. If it stands apart from the sentence, expresses only emotion, and is usually followed by an exclamation mark (!), it's a vismayadibodhak; and if it simply adds emphasis to a word, it's a nipat. Keep this order in mind and nearly every REET underlined-word question falls into place.
Types of kriyavisheshan (by meaning)
| Type | What it tells you | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Time (कालवाचक) | When the action happens | आज, कल, अभी, तुरंत, प्रतिदिन, सदा, कभी-कभी |
| Place (स्थानवाचक) | Where or in which direction | यहाँ, वहाँ, भीतर, बाहर, ऊपर, नीचे, इधर, दूर, पास |
| Degree (परिमाणवाचक) | How much | बहुत, थोड़ा, कम, अधिक, ख़ूब, बिल्कुल, इतना |
| Manner (रीतिवाचक) | How the action happens | धीरे-धीरे, ध्यानपूर्वक, गतिपूर्वक, अचानक, सचमुच, ठीक, शायद, नहीं |
Words formed with 'पूर्वक' — ध्यानपूर्वक, सावधानीपूर्वक, गतिपूर्वक — describe the manner in which an action happens, so they are manner kriyavisheshan.
Kriyavisheshan vs sambandhbodhak
The very same word — भीतर, बाहर, ऊपर, पास, आगे, पीछे — can appear in either role. Rule: when it stands alone and describes the verb, it's a kriyavisheshan ('भीतर जाओ', 'बच्चे बाहर खेल रहे हैं'); when it follows a noun/pronoun with 'के', 'की', 'से' to link it to another word in the sentence, it's a sambandhbodhak ('घर के भीतर', 'मेज़ के ऊपर').
In REET 2024's question 'which kriyavisheshan is used in घर के भीतर जाओ?', the question itself asked for the sub-type of kriyavisheshan, and all four options were kriyavisheshan sub-types; since 'भीतर' tells place, the official answer was 'sthanvachak' (place). In the exam, pay close attention to whether the question is asking for the main type (sambandhbodhak vs kriyavisheshan) or for the sub-type (place/time/manner).
Samuchchaybodhak (conjunction) avyay
| Type | Sub-type | Words | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Samanadhikaran (joins words/clauses of equal standing) | Connective | और, तथा, एवं, व | राम और श्याम आए। |
| Disjunctive / alternative | या, अथवा, वा, कि, चाहे…चाहे, न…न | चाय लोगे या दूध? | |
| Adversative | पर, परंतु, किंतु, लेकिन, बल्कि | मैं आता परंतु तुमने बुलाया नहीं। | |
| Resultative | इसलिए, अतः, अतएव, सो | वर्षा हुई, इसलिए मेला रद्द हुआ। | |
| Vyadhikaran (joins a main clause to a dependent clause) | Causal | क्योंकि, चूँकि, इसलिए कि | वह नहीं आया क्योंकि बीमार था। |
| Purposive | ताकि, जिससे कि, कि | मेहनत करो ताकि सफल हो सको। | |
| Conditional | यदि…तो, जो…तो, यद्यपि…तथापि, चाहे…पर | यदि वर्षा हुई तो फ़सल अच्छी होगी। | |
| Explanatory | कि, अर्थात्, यानी, मानो | उसने कहा कि वह आएगा। |
'इसलिए' is a resultative samanadhikaran connector, while 'इसलिए कि' is a causal vyadhikaran connector.
Sambandhbodhak, vismayadibodhak and nipat
| Type | How to identify it | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Sambandhbodhak | Comes after a noun/pronoun and links it to another word in the sentence | के साथ, के बिना, के कारण, के लिए, की ओर, के समान, की अपेक्षा, के भीतर |
| Vismayadibodhak | Expresses joy, sorrow, surprise, disgust, agreement etc.; has no grammatical link to the rest of the sentence | वाह!, शाबाश! (joy), हाय!, उफ़! (sorrow), अरे!, ओह! (surprise), छि!, धिक्! (disgust), हाँ!, अच्छा! (agreement) |
| Nipat | Added to emphasise a word or sharpen its meaning | ही, भी, तो, तक, मात्र, भर, सिर्फ़ — 'मैं भी चलूँगा', 'राम ही आया' |
Sambandhbodhak also have meaning-based sub-types that get asked: similarity (के समान, की तरह), cause (के कारण, के मारे), opposition (के विरुद्ध, के खिलाफ़), direction (की ओर, की तरफ़).
How to teach children
Activity: 'when-where-how-how much' (Class 3–5)
Say an action word ('दौड़ो') and have children add answers to four questions — दौड़ो अभी, दौड़ो बाहर, दौड़ो तेज़, दौड़ो बहुत. This makes all four types of kriyavisheshan clear through direct experience.
Activity: sentence-joining bridges (Class 6–8)
Give pairs of short sentence cards and have children pick a connector to join them — और, परंतु, क्योंकि, इसलिए, यदि…तो. Then discuss how the meaning changed with each connector.
Teaching materials
Two colours of cards for words like 'भीतर': blue if it stands alone (kriyavisheshan), green if it comes with 'के' (sambandhbodhak). Have children hunt for such words in a storybook.
Common misconception
Children think 'और' only joins two nouns, and that 'परंतु' must be vyadhikaran. Fix: show that both join clauses that could each stand alone as a complete sentence — which is exactly what makes both of them samanadhikaran.
Assessment idea
Underline 8–10 avyay in a passage and have children name the type and sub-type; also have them write two sentences of their own — one using 'बाहर' as a kriyavisheshan, one as a sambandhbodhak.
Memory trick / exam tip
'Split it — does each half stand alone? — samanadhikaran': remove the connector and check whether both halves are complete, independent sentences; if yes, it's samanadhikaran (और, परंतु, या, इसलिए); if one half depends on the other, it's vyadhikaran (क्योंकि, ताकि, यदि…तो). And a word ending in '-पूर्वक' next to a verb is almost always a manner kriyavisheshan.
Questions asked in REET 2024 (solved)
Question 32
In "यद्यपि भारतीय मनीषी जंगल में रहना पसंद करते थे तथापि वे लोक व्यवहारों से भी परिचित थे।" the underlined words (यद्यपि, तथापि) are –
- Aक्रिया विशेषण अव्यय
- Bसमुच्चय बोधक अव्यय
- Cसंबंध बोधक अव्यय
- Dविस्मयादि बोधक अव्यय
Explanation
‘यद्यपि … तथापि’ दो उपवाक्यों को जोड़ने वाले युग्म शब्द हैं, इसलिए ये समुच्चयबोधक (योजक) अव्यय हैं। ये विरोध/संकेत का भाव प्रकट करते हुए वाक्यांशों को जोड़ते हैं। संबंधबोधक अव्यय संज्ञा/सर्वनाम का संबंध वाक्य के अन्य शब्दों से बताते हैं, जो यहाँ नहीं है।
Question 87
“मैं आता परंतु तुमने बुलाया नहीं।” (I would have come but you did not call.) In the sentence, the underlined word is- (underlined word: परंतु)
- Aसमानाधिकरण समुच्च्यबोधक अव्यय
- Bनिमित्तवाचक समुच्च्यबोधक अव्यय
- Cसादृश्यवाचक संबंधबोधक अव्यय
- Dहेतुवाचक संबंधबोधक अव्यय
Explanation
‘परंतु’ दो स्वतंत्र उपवाक्यों — ‘मैं आता’ और ‘तुमने बुलाया नहीं’ — को जोड़ता है और विरोध प्रकट करता है। समान स्तर के उपवाक्यों को जोड़ने वाले अव्यय समानाधिकरण समुच्चयबोधक (विरोधदर्शक) कहलाते हैं। निमित्तवाचक (ताकि, इसलिए कि) व्यधिकरण समुच्चयबोधक हैं।
Question 38
In the following sentence, the underlined portion is an example of what? 'विज्ञान मानव सभ्यता और संस्कृति का एक रूप है।' (Science is a form of human civilization and culture.) (underlined portion: 'और')
- Aव्यधिकरण समुच्चय बोधक अव्यय का
- Bसंकेतवाचक समुच्चय बोधक अव्यय का
- Cसमानाधिकरण समुच्चय बोधक अव्यय का
- Dसंबंध बोधक अव्यय का
Explanation
वाक्य में रेखांकित ‘और’ दो समान स्तर के शब्दों (सभ्यता और संस्कृति) को जोड़ रहा है। समान स्तर के शब्दों/उपवाक्यों को जोड़ने वाले और, तथा, एवं आदि ‘समानाधिकरण समुच्चय बोधक अव्यय’ कहलाते हैं। व्यधिकरण समुच्चय बोधक (जैसे कि, क्योंकि, यदि) प्रधान और आश्रित उपवाक्य जोड़ते हैं।
Question 72
In the sentence 'घर के भीतर जाओ' (Go inside the house), which type of adverb (kriya visheshan) is used?
- Aकालवाचक
- Bस्थानवाचक
- Cरीतिवाचक
- Dपरिमाणवाचक
Explanation
‘भीतर’ शब्द क्रिया ‘जाओ’ के स्थान (कहाँ) का बोध कराता है। स्थान या दिशा बताने वाले शब्द (भीतर, बाहर, ऊपर, यहाँ, वहाँ) स्थानवाचक क्रिया-विशेषण कहलाते हैं।
Question 88
In the sentence 'संस्कारों से किसी व्यक्ति अथवा जाति का विकास गतिपूर्वक होता है' (Through sanskaras, the development of a person or race happens progressively), the word 'गतिपूर्वक' used is
- Aभाववाचक संज्ञा
- Bक्रिया विशेषण
- Cसार्वनामिक विशेषण
- Dसंकेतवाचक सर्वनाम
Explanation
‘गतिपूर्वक’ शब्द क्रिया ‘होता है’ की विधि/ढंग (कैसे होता है) बता रहा है। क्रिया की विशेषता बताने वाले शब्द क्रिया-विशेषण होते हैं; ‘पूर्वक’ से बने शब्द (ध्यानपूर्वक, सुखपूर्वक) प्रायः रीतिवाचक क्रिया-विशेषण होते हैं।
Practice questions
Question 1
In the sentence 'बच्चे ध्यानपूर्वक सुन रहे थे।', 'ध्यानपूर्वक' is —
- Aकालवाचक क्रियाविशेषण
- Bरीतिवाचक क्रियाविशेषण
- Cपरिमाणवाचक क्रियाविशेषण
- Dसंबंधबोधक
Explanation
'ध्यानपूर्वक' describes the manner of listening, so it's a manner (रीतिवाचक) kriyavisheshan.
Question 2
In the sentence 'वह बहुत थक गया है।', 'बहुत' is —
- Aपरिमाणवाचक क्रियाविशेषण
- Bस्थानवाचक क्रियाविशेषण
- Cनिपात
- Dविस्मयादिबोधक
Explanation
'बहुत' tells the degree of being tired, so it's a degree (परिमाणवाचक) kriyavisheshan.
Question 3
In 'मेहनत करो ताकि परीक्षा में सफल हो सको।', 'ताकि' is —
- Aसमानाधिकरण संयोजक
- Bव्यधिकरण उद्देश्यवाचक समुच्चयबोधक
- Cविरोधदर्शक समुच्चयबोधक
- Dसंबंधबोधक
Explanation
'ताकि' links a dependent clause and states a purpose, so it's a vyadhikaran samuchchaybodhak of the purposive type.
Question 4
In which sentence is 'पास' used as a sambandhbodhak avyay (preposition)?
- Aयहाँ पास आओ।
- Bविद्यालय के पास बगीचा है।
- Cवह पास बैठा था।
- Dइधर पास ही रहो।
Explanation
In 'विद्यालय के पास', 'पास' follows the noun 'विद्यालय' with 'के' to show a relationship, so it's a sambandhbodhak. In the other sentences it functions as a place kriyavisheshan.
Question 5
In 'शाबाश! तुमने बहुत अच्छा किया।', what emotion does 'शाबाश' express?
- Aशोक
- Bघृणा
- Cहर्ष/प्रशंसा
- Dआश्चर्य
Explanation
'शाबाश' is a vismayadibodhak expressing praise and joy.
Question 6
In the sentence 'राम ही यह काम करेगा।', 'ही' is —
- Aनिपात
- Bक्रियाविशेषण
- Cसमुच्चयबोधक
- Dसंबंधबोधक
Explanation
'ही' emphasises 'राम'; words that add emphasis like this are called nipat.
Question 7
In the sentence 'चाय लोगे या कॉफ़ी?', 'या' is —
- Aसंकेतवाचक समुच्चयबोधक
- Bविभाजक समानाधिकरण समुच्चयबोधक
- Cकारणवाचक समुच्चयबोधक
- Dपरिणामदर्शक समुच्चयबोधक
Explanation
'या' offers a choice between two options and joins words of equal standing, so it's a disjunctive samanadhikaran samuchchaybodhak.
Question 8
In 'वह नहीं आया क्योंकि बीमार था।', 'क्योंकि' is —
- Aसमानाधिकरण परिणामदर्शक
- Bव्यधिकरण कारणवाचक
- Cसमानाधिकरण संयोजक
- Dसंबंधबोधक हेतुवाचक
Explanation
'क्योंकि' links a dependent clause and gives a reason, so it's a vyadhikaran causal samuchchaybodhak. A sambandhbodhak causal phrase would instead be 'के कारण', which follows a noun.
Question 9
The correct statement regarding avyay (indeclinables) is —
- Aअव्यय का रूप वचन के अनुसार बदलता है
- Bअव्यय अविकारी शब्द हैं
- Cअव्यय केवल संज्ञा की विशेषता बताते हैं
- D'लड़का' अव्यय है
Explanation
Avyay are uninflected words — they aren't affected by gender, number, case or tense.
Question 10
Class 7 students are calling 'बाहर' a kriyavisheshan (adverb) in every sentence. The most effective approach for the teacher is —
- Aनियम रटवाना
- B'बाहर खेलो' और 'घर के बाहर खेलो' जैसे वाक्य-जोड़ों की तुलना कराकर बच्चों से अंतर खोजवाना
- Cप्रश्न को कठिन बताकर छोड़ देना
- Dकेवल पाठ्यपुस्तक की परिभाषा पढ़ाना
Explanation
Comparing sentence pairs lets children discover for themselves that a word becomes a sambandhbodhak when it follows a noun with 'के'. This is discovery-based learning, not a rule to memorise.
Frequently asked questions
How many avyay questions come in REET?+
REET 2024 carried 5 avyay questions across Hindi Language I and II — 3 on samuchchaybodhak and 2 on kriyavisheshan.
How many types of avyay are there?+
Five — kriyavisheshan, sambandhbodhak, samuchchaybodhak, vismayadibodhak and nipat. Some books treat nipat separately and count only four types.
What's the difference between samanadhikaran and vyadhikaran samuchchaybodhak?+
Samanadhikaran joins words or independent clauses of equal standing (और, परंतु, या). Vyadhikaran joins one main clause to one dependent clause (क्योंकि, ताकि, यदि…तो).
What type of avyay is 'परंतु'?+
'परंतु' is a samanadhikaran samuchchaybodhak, of the adversative sub-type.
What are nipat?+
Words like ही, भी, तो, तक, मात्र, भर that add emphasis to another word are called nipat — as in 'मैं ही जाऊँगा'.
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Official Sources
Change Log
- 17 September 2026 — English page published — mirrors the fact-checked Hindi page, independently bilingual-accuracy checked