Pratyay (Suffixes): Krit and Taddhit Suffixes, Types, Examples — REET Hindi Grammar
This page covers the definition of pratyay (suffixes), the types of krit and taddhit suffixes, examples of Sanskrit, Hindi and Urdu suffixes, and the vowel-change rules that occur when a suffix is added. REET 2024 carried 5 questions on pratyay, most of them using options built from incorrect splits to confuse candidates.
- 5 questions in REET 2024
- Class 1–8 level
- 7 min read
How REET asks this topic
REET 2024 carried 5 pratyay questions: identifying the suffix in भारतीय (ईय), मानव (अ), पश्चिम (इम), सामाजिक (इक), and 'which word does NOT carry the इक suffix'. In every question the wrong options were built from incorrect splits — such as 'तीय', 'अक', 'इम्'. You only land on the right answer when you correctly identify the root word (भारत, मनु, पश्च, समाज) and know that adding a suffix can change the word's first vowel (स → सा, म → मा).
What is pratyay?
Pratyay are word-parts that attach to the end of a word or a verb root (धातु) to form a new word, changing its meaning or its grammatical category. 'प्रत्यय' comes from प्रति + अय, meaning something that goes along with. For example — मीठा + आस = मिठास (an adjective becomes an abstract noun), समाज + इक = सामाजिक (a noun becomes an adjective), पढ़ + आई = पढ़ाई (a verb root becomes a noun).
Like upsarg, a pratyay is never used independently. Adding a pratyay usually changes the base word — the first vowel may strengthen (दिन → दैनिक), the final vowel may drop (भारत + ईय = भारतीय, where the 'अ' of 'त' drops), or a long vowel may shorten (मीठा → मिठास, बूढ़ा → बुढ़ापा).
There are two main kinds of pratyay: krit pratyay (कृत् प्रत्यय), which attach to the end of a verb root, and taddhit pratyay (तद्धित प्रत्यय), which attach to a noun, pronoun, adjective or indeclinable. Words formed with krit suffixes are called कृदंत, and those formed with taddhit suffixes are called तद्धितांत. Some grammar books also treat case markers (ने, को, से) as suffixes, but REET's questions focus only on word-forming suffixes.
Krit suffixes (verb root + suffix)
| Category | Suffix | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Agentive (doer of the action) | अक, वाला, हार, ऐया | पाठक, लेखक, गायक, पढ़नेवाला, राखनहार, गवैया |
| Objective (acted upon) | औना, नी | खिलौना, बिछौना, सुँघनी |
| Instrumental (the means) | न, नी, ई | बेलन, झाड़न, कतरनी, कटनी, रेती |
| Abstract (the action itself) | आई, आवट, आहट, आव, अन, ती | पढ़ाई, लिखावट, घबराहट, बहाव, चलन, बढ़ती |
| Adjectival/participial (indicating the action) | ता, आ, कर | बहता पानी, लिखा पत्र, पढ़कर |
Sanskrit krit suffixes are common in Hindi too: अक (नायक), तव्य (कर्तव्य), अनीय (पूजनीय, दर्शनीय), क्त/त (ज्ञात, गत), ति (कृति, गति).
Taddhit suffixes (noun/adjective etc. + suffix)
| Category | Suffix | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Agentive | कार, एरा, ची, ई, दार | स्वर्णकार, सपेरा, तबलची, तेली, दुकानदार |
| Abstract | ता, त्व, पन, पा, आस, आहट, इमा | मानवता, बंधुत्व, बचपन, बुढ़ापा, मिठास, कड़वाहट, लालिमा |
| Relational | इक, ईय, ई, इम, एरा | सामाजिक, भारतीय, पंजाबी, पश्चिम, चचेरा |
| Qualitative/possessive | वान, मान, वती, आलु, ईला | धनवान, बुद्धिमान, गुणवती, दयालु, रंगीला |
| Diminutive (smallness) | इया, ई, ड़ी | डिबिया, खटिया, टोकरी, पगड़ी |
| Numerical | ला, रा, था, ठा, गुना | पहला, तीसरा, चौथा, छठा, दुगुना |
| Resemblance | सा, सरीखा, हरा | नीला-सा, चाँद सरीखा, सुनहरा |
| Filial/descent | अ, एय, इ | मानव (मनु), वासुदेव (वसुदेव), कौंतेय (कुंती), दाशरथि (दशरथ) |
Urdu-Persian taddhit suffixes: गार (मददगार), दान (कलमदान), खाना (दवाखाना), बाज़ (दग़ाबाज़), मंद (अक़्लमंद).
The इक, ईय, अ suffixes and vowel-strengthening rules
When the Sanskrit taddhit suffixes इक, अ or एय are added, the first vowel of the base word usually strengthens (वृद्धि): अ → आ, इ/ई/ए → ऐ, and उ/ऊ/ओ → औ. Examples: समाज + इक = सामाजिक, धर्म + इक = धार्मिक, वर्ष + इक = वार्षिक, दिन + इक = दैनिक, इतिहास + इक = ऐतिहासिक, वेद + इक = वैदिक, भूगोल + इक = भौगोलिक, मनु + अ = मानव, शिव + अ = शैव.
That's why the suffix in 'सामाजिक' is 'इक' — not 'अक' or just 'क' — because the 'आ' in 'सा' comes from vowel-strengthening, not the suffix itself. The 'ईय' suffix doesn't strengthen the vowel at all; it only drops the base word's final 'अ': भारत + ईय = भारतीय, राष्ट्र + ईय = राष्ट्रीय, स्वर्ग + ईय = स्वर्गीय. The 'इम' suffix: पश्च + इम = पश्चिम, अग्र + इम = अग्रिम, अंत + इम = अंतिम.
A word of caution: not every word ending in '-इक' or '-ईक' actually carries a suffix. 'सटीक' (स + टीका) does not carry the इक suffix at the end; 'ठीक' and 'नज़दीक' are similar examples. The real test is whether removing the supposed suffix leaves behind a meaningful root word — रस (रसिक), वर्ण (वर्णिक), धर्म (धार्मिक).
Upsarg + root + pratyay: the full split
| Word | Upsarg | Root word | Pratyay |
|---|---|---|---|
| वैज्ञानिक | वि | ज्ञान | इक |
| अस्वाभाविक | अ | स्वभाव | इक |
| सुगंधित | सु | गंध | इत |
| परिश्रमी | परि | श्रम | ई |
| अपमानित | अप | मान | इत |
| निर्दयता | निर् | दया | ता |
A single word can carry both an upsarg and a pratyay. Separate the upsarg first, then the pratyay — what's left in between is the root word.
How to teach children
Activity: 'word factory' (Class 4–8)
Give groups a root word (say, 'मीठा') and have them attach suffixes to build new words — मिठास, मिठाई. Then ask what grammatical category each new word belongs to (adjective → noun), so children see that a suffix can also change the word's category, not just its meaning.
Teaching materials
A suffix wheel: an inner rotating disc of root words, an outer ring of suffixes. Spinning it to line up a meaningful pair, the child writes down the word formed and its meaning.
Common misconception
Children mistake 'आजिक' or 'अक' for the suffix in 'सामाजिक', because they assume the strengthened 'आ' is part of the suffix. Fix: write pairs like दिन → दैनिक and वर्ष → वार्षिक side by side on the board and let children discover the vowel-strengthening pattern themselves.
Class 1–3 level
Start with simple, everyday Hindi suffixes children already use — वाला (दूधवाला), ई (पंजाबी), इया (डिबिया), पन (बचपन).
Assessment idea
Pick suffix-bearing words from a textbook passage and have children fill a table: word, root word, suffix, krit/taddhit. Include one or two 'trap' words (ठीक, सटीक) that don't actually carry a suffix.
Memory trick / exam tip
'Name the root word first, the suffix falls out on its own': before looking at the options, write down the root word — भारत, मनु, पश्च, समाज. Whatever's left over is the suffix; and an आ/ऐ/औ appearing at the start of a word is usually vowel-strengthening, not part of the suffix. Attached to a verb root = krit; attached to a noun/adjective = taddhit.
Questions asked in REET 2024 (solved)
Question 52
The suffix (प्रत्यय) in the word 'भारतीय' is
- Aभार
- Bतीय
- Cईय
- Dभारती
Explanation
‘भारतीय’ शब्द ‘भारत’ मूल शब्द में ‘ईय’ प्रत्यय जोड़कर बना है (भारत + ईय = भारतीय)। इसी प्रकार राष्ट्र + ईय = राष्ट्रीय। ‘तीय’ गलत विच्छेद है क्योंकि मूल शब्द ‘भारत’ है, ‘भार’ नहीं।
Question 83
The suffix in the word 'मानव' is -
- Aव
- Bअव
- Cआव
- Dअ
Explanation
‘मानव’ शब्द ‘मनु’ में ‘अ’ प्रत्यय लगाकर बना है (मनु + अ = मानव), अर्थात् मनु की संतान। तद्धित ‘अ’ प्रत्यय लगने पर आदि स्वर में वृद्धि (म → मा) और ‘उ’ का ‘व’ हो जाता है, जैसे शिव + अ = शैव।
Question 33
In which option has the suffix 'इक' (ik) NOT been used?
- Aसटीक
- Bरसिक
- Cधार्मिक
- Dवर्णिक
Explanation
‘रसिक’ (रस + इक), ‘धार्मिक’ (धर्म + इक) और ‘वर्णिक’ (वर्ण + इक) में ‘इक’ प्रत्यय लगा है। ‘सटीक’ शब्द ‘स + टीक’ (उपसर्ग ‘स’ = सहित) से बना है; इसके अंत का ‘ईक’ प्रत्यय नहीं बल्कि मूल शब्द ‘टीक’ का भाग है। अतः सटीक में ‘इक’ प्रत्यय नहीं है।
Question 80
In the word 'पश्चिम' (west), the suffix is-
- Aईम
- Bपश्च्
- Cइम
- Dइम्
Explanation
‘पश्चिम’ शब्द ‘पश्च्’ मूल में ‘इम’ प्रत्यय जोड़कर बना है (पश्च् + इम = पश्चिम)। ‘पश्च्’ मूल शब्द है, प्रत्यय नहीं; ‘ईम’ और ‘इम्’ प्रत्यय के शुद्ध रूप नहीं हैं।
Question 82
In the word 'सामाजिक' (social), the suffix (pratyay) is
- Aअ
- Bअक
- Cइक
- Dक
Explanation
‘सामाजिक’ = समाज + इक। ‘इक’ प्रत्यय लगने पर पहले स्वर की वृद्धि होती है (स → सा), जैसे— समाज → सामाजिक, इतिहास → ऐतिहासिक। अतः प्रत्यय ‘इक’ है।
Practice questions
Question 1
The suffix (pratyay) in the word 'पूजनीय' is —
- Aईय
- Bअनीय
- Cनीय
- Dइय
Explanation
पूजनीय = पूज् + अनीय. 'अनीय' is a Sanskrit krit suffix (also seen in दर्शनीय, माननीय). Splitting off just 'ईय' would leave 'पूजन्', which isn't a valid root.
Question 2
The suffix in the word 'दैनिक' is —
- Aनिक
- Bइक
- Cऐनिक
- Dक
Explanation
दैनिक = दिन + इक. Adding 'इक' strengthens 'दि' to 'दै'.
Question 3
The word formed with a Krit pratyay (verbal-root suffix) is —
- Aमिठास
- Bबचपन
- Cलिखावट
- Dमानवता
Explanation
लिखावट = लिख (verb root) + आवट, so it's a krit suffix word. मिठास (from मीठा), बचपन (from बच्चा) and मानवता (from मानव) are taddhit words formed from a noun/adjective.
Question 4
Which suffix is present in the word 'कौंतेय'?
- Aएय
- Bतेय
- Cय
- Dईय
Explanation
कौंतेय = कुंती + एय (son of Kunti). Adding the filial suffix 'एय' strengthens 'कु' to 'कौ'.
Question 5
In which word is a diminutive (unvachak/laghutavachak) suffix present?
- Aडिबिया
- Bदयालु
- Cसुनहरा
- Dदुकानदार
Explanation
डिबिया = डिब्बा + इया, which conveys a small box. दयालु is qualitative, सुनहरा is a resemblance suffix, and दुकानदार is agentive.
Question 6
The suffix in 'अग्रिम' is —
- Aरिम
- Bइम
- Cइम्
- Dम
Explanation
अग्रिम = अग्र + इम, just like पश्च + इम = पश्चिम and अंत + इम = अंतिम.
Question 7
In the word 'अस्वाभाविक', the prefix and suffix respectively are —
- Aअ, इक
- Bअस्, इक
- Cअ, क
- Dस्व, इक
Explanation
अस्वाभाविक = अ + स्वभाव + इक. 'स्व' becoming 'स्वा' is vowel-strengthening; the upsarg is 'अ' and the pratyay is 'इक'.
Question 8
In which word is the abstract-noun-forming (bhavvachak) suffix 'पन' present?
- Aअपनापन
- Bपवन
- Cसपना
- Dजीवन
Explanation
अपनापन = अपना (pronoun) + पन. पवन is a standalone word, सपना is the tadbhav form of 'स्वप्न', and जीवन = जीव् + अन — none of these carry the 'पन' suffix.
Question 9
When teaching suffixes in Class 6, which activity will give children the best understanding?
- Aप्रत्ययों की सूची रटवाना
- Bमूल शब्द से प्रत्यय जोड़कर नए शब्द बनवाना और उनका वाक्य में प्रयोग कराना
- Cकेवल परिभाषा लिखवाना
- Dपाठ के कठिन शब्दों का श्रुतलेख
Explanation
Building new words by attaching suffixes to a root, then using them in sentences, lets children see for themselves how a suffix changes meaning and grammatical category. This is active, context-based learning.
Question 10
The correct split of the word 'राष्ट्रीय' is —
- Aराष्ट्र + ईय
- Bराष्ट्री + य
- Cराष्ट् + रीय
- Dराष्ट्र + इय
Explanation
राष्ट्र + ईय = राष्ट्रीय. Adding 'ईय' drops the base word's final 'अ' — there's no vowel-strengthening here.
Frequently asked questions
How many pratyay questions come in REET?+
REET 2024 carried 5 pratyay questions across Hindi Language I and II — covering the suffixes in भारतीय, मानव, पश्चिम, सामाजिक, and identifying words with the 'इक' suffix.
What's the difference between krit and taddhit suffixes?+
Krit suffixes attach to a verb root (धातु), as in पढ़ + आई = पढ़ाई. Taddhit suffixes attach to a noun, pronoun, adjective or indeclinable, as in मानव + ता = मानवता.
Which suffix is in the word 'मानव'?+
मानव = मनु + अ. Adding the taddhit suffix 'अ' strengthens 'म' to 'मा' and turns 'उ' into 'व'.
Is the suffix in 'सामाजिक' just 'इक', or something more?+
Just 'इक'. समाज + इक = सामाजिक; the change of 'स' to 'सा' is vowel-strengthening of the first vowel, not an extra suffix.
Read next
Upsarg (Prefixes)
Previous topic: word-parts that attach at the beginning of a word
Paryayvachi Words (Synonyms)
Next topic: words with the same meaning
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Questions from every shift, with the official answer key and explanations
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Change Log
- 17 September 2026 — English page published — mirrors the fact-checked Hindi page, independently bilingual-accuracy checked